Alba, a village near
Avezzano.
Narnia (455). Umbria. (Via Flaminia.) Narni. Strengthened in 555.
Carseoli (456). Æqui. (Via Valeria.) Cerita, Osteria del Cavaliere, near Carsoli.
Venusia (463). Frontier between Lucania and Apulia. (Via Appia.) Venosa. Re-fortified in 554.
Adria (or Hatria) (465). Picenum. (Via Valeria and Salaria). Adri.
Cosa (481). Etruria or Campania. Ansedonia(?), near Orbitello. Re-fortified in 557.
Pæstum (481). Lucania, Pesto. Ruins.
Ariminum (486). Umbria, in agro Gallico. (Via Flaminia.) Rimini.
Beneventum (486). Samnium. (Via Appia.) Benevento.
219
Campanians: Stellatina. Etruscans: Tromentina, Sabatina, Arniensis, in 367 (Titus Livius, VI. 5). Latins: Mœcia, and Scaptia, in 422 (Titus Livius, VIII. 17). Volsci: Pomptina, and Publilia, in 396 (Titus Livius, VII. 15). Ausones: Ufentina and Falerna, in 436 (Titus Livius, IX. 20). Æqui: Aniensis and Terentina, in 455 (Titus Livius, X. 9). Sabines: Velina and Quirina, in 513 (Titus Livius, Epitome, XIX.).
220
At the beginning of each consular year, the magistrates or deputies of the towns were obliged to repair to Rome, and the consuls there fixed the contingent which each of them was to furnish according to the list of the census. These lists were drawn up by the local magistrates, who sent them to the Senate, and were renewed every five years, except in the Latin colonies, where they seem to have taken for a constant basis the number of primitive colonists.
221
The country of the Samnites, among others, was completely cut up by these domains.
222
Titus Livius places in the mouth of the consul Decius, in 452, these remarkable words: “Jam ne nobilitatis quidem suæ plebeios pœnitere” (Titus Livius, X. 7); and later still, towards 538, a tribune expresses himself thus: “Nam plebeios nobiles jam eisdem initiatos esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni desierint a patribus, cœpisse.” (Titus Livius, XXII. 34.)
223
Titus Livius, XIV. 48.
224
We have the proof of this in the condemnation of those who transgressed the law of Stolo. (Titus Livius, X. 13.)
225
Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 5. – Plutarch, Cato, iii.
226
Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 6.
227
Valerius Maximus, IV. iii. 9.
228
Titus Livius, IX. 46.
229
“The goods of the debtor, not his body, should be responsible for the debt. Thus all the captured citizens were free, and it was forbidden for ever to put in bonds a debtor.” (Titus Livius, VIII. 28.)
230
Ignorance of the calendar, and of the method of fixing the festivals, left to the pontiffs alone the knowledge of the days when it was permitted to plead.
231
“The lawyers, for fear that their services might become useless in judicial proceedings, invented certain formulæ, in order to make themselves necessary.” (Cicero, Pro Murena, xi.)
232
Titus Livius, Epitome, XI. – Pliny, XVI. x. 37.
233
Cicero, Brutus, C. xiv. – Zonaras, Annales, VIII. 2.
234
“You see here all the principal senators who set you the example. They will partake with you the fatigues and perils of war, although the laws and their age exempt them from carrying arms.” (Speech of the Dictator Postumius to his troops; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, VI. 9.)
235
Titus Livius, X., XII. 49.
236
Valerius Maximus, II. viii. 4, 7.
237
Plutarch, Flamininus, xxviii.
238
Aur. Victor, Ill. Men, xxxvi. and xxvii.
240
“A sedition was already rising between the patricians and the people, and the terror of so sudden a war (with the Tiburtini) stifled it.” (Titus Livius, VII. 12.) – “Appius Sabinus, to prevent the evils which are an inevitable consequence of idleness, joined with want, determined to occupy the people in external wars, in order that, gaining their living for themselves, by finding on the lands of the enemy abundant provisions which were not to be had in Rome, they might render at the same time some service to the State, instead of troubling at an unseasonable moment the senators in the administration of affairs. He said that a town which, like Rome, disputed empire with all others, and was hated by them, could not want a decent pretext for making war; that, if they would judge the future by the past, they would see clearly that all the seditions which had hitherto torn the Republic had never arrived except in time of peace, when people no longer feared anything from without.” (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 43.)
241
Claudius made war thus in Umbria, and took the town of Camerinum, the inhabitants of which he sold for slaves. (See Valerius Maximus, VI. v. § 1. – Titus Livius, Epitome, XV.) – Camillus, after the capture of Veii, caused the free men to be sold by auction. (Titus Livius, V. 22.) – In 365, the prisoners, the greater part Etruscans, were sold in the same manner. (Titus Livius, VI. 4.) – The auxiliaries of the Samnites, after the battle of Allifæ (447), were sold as slaves to the number of 7,000. (Titus Livius, IX. 42.)
242
“The military port alone contained two hundred and twenty vessels.” (Appian, Punic Wars, VIII. 96, p. 437, ed. Schweighæuser.)
243
Appian, Punic Wars, VIII. 95, p. 436.
244
Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
245
Appian, Punic Wars, VIII. 130, p. 490.
246
5,820,000 francs [£232,800]. (Appian, Punic Wars, CXXVII. 486.) Following the labours of MM. Letronne, Böckh, Mommsen, &c., we have admitted for the sums indicated in the course of the present work the following reckonings: —
The as of copper = 1/10 deniers = 5 centimes.
The sestertius = 0.975 grammes = 19 centimes.
The denarius = 3.898 grammes = 75 centimes.
The great sestertius = 100,000 sestertii = 19,000 francs [£760].
The Attic or Euboic talent, of 26 kilogrammes, 196 grammes = 5,821 francs [£232 16s.].
The mina, of 436 grammes = 97 francs.
The drachma, of 4.37 grammes = 97 centimes.
The obolus, of 0.73 grammes = 16 centimes.
The Æginetic talent was equivalent to 8,500 Attic drachmas (37 kilogrammes, 2 gr.) = 8,270 francs [£330 16s.]. The Babylonic silver talent is of 33 kilogrammes, 42 = 7,426 francs [£297]. (See, for details, Mommsen, Römisches Münzwesen, pp. 24-26, 55. Hultsch, Griechische und Römische Metrologie, pp. 135-137.)
247
Nearly 700,000 francs [£28,000]. (Athenæus, XII. lviii. 509, ed. Schweighæuser.)
248
Strabo, XVII. iii. § 15.
