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Лабіринт було зроблено таким чином… – Ann M. Graybiel, «Overview at Habits, Rituals, and the Evaluative Brain», Annual Review of Neuroscience 31 (2008): 359–87; T. D. Barnes et al., «Activity of Striatal Neurons Reflects Dynamic Encoding and Recoding of Procedural Memories», Nature 437 (2005): 1158–61; Ann M. Graybiel, «Network-Level Neuroplasticity in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Pathways», Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 10 (2004): 293–96; N. Fujii and Ann M. Graybiel, «Time-Varying Covariance of Neural Activities Recorded in Striatum and Frontal Cortex as Monkeys Perform Sequential-Saccade Tasks», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (2005): 9032–37.
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Щоб переконатись у цьому на прикладі… – У цьому розділі подано спрощені графіки, які зображують найголовніше. Детальний опис досліджень можна знайти в працях і лекціях проф. Ґрейбіл (Dr. Graybiel).
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…лежить в основі формування звичок. – Ann M. Graybiel, «The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires», Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 70 (1998): 119–36.
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Урешті народжується звичка… – Див. A. David Smith and J. Paul Bolam, «The Neural Network of the Basal Ganglia as Revealed by the Study of Synaptic Connections of Identified Neurones», Trends in Neurosciences 13 (1990): 259–65; John G. McHaffle et al., «Subcortical Loops Through the Basal Ganglia», Trends in Neurosciences 28 (2005): 401–7; Ann M. Graybiel, «Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in the Basal Ganglia», Trends in Neurosciences 13 (1990): 244–54; J. Yelnik, «Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia», Movement Disorders 17 (2002): 15–21.
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Проблема в тому, що мозок… – Детальнішу інформацію див. у Catherine A. Thorn et al., «Differential Dynamics of Activity Changes in Dorsolateral and Dorsomedial Striatal Loops During Learning», Neuron 66 (2010): 781–95; Ann M. Graybiel, «The Basal Ganglia: Learning New Tricks and Loving It», Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15 (2005): 638–44.
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Один клаптик картону… – Детальнішу інформацію див. у Peter J. Bayley, Jennifer C. Frascino, and Larry R. Squire, «Robust Habit Learning in the Absence of Awareness and Independent of the Medial Temporal Lobe», Nature 436 (2005): 550–53; J. M. Reed et al., «Learning About Categories That Are Defined by Object-Like Stimuli Despite Impaired Declarative Memory», Behavioral Neuroscience 133 (1999): 411–19; B. J. Knowlton, J. A. Mangels, and L. R. Squire, «A Neostriatal Habit Learning System in Humans», Science 273 (1996): 1399–1402.
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Експерименти, що їх Сквайр провів із Юджином… – Варто зауважити, що, працюючи з Полі, Сквайр досліджував не лише звички, а й просторову пам’ять і вплив стимуляції на мозок. Щоб дізнатися більше про відкриття, що їх було зроблено під час роботи з Полі, див. сторінку Сквайра на сайті http://psychiatry.ucsd.edu/faculty/lsquire.html.
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Звичка вкоренилась так міцно… – Див. Monica R. F. Hilario et al., «Endocannabinoid Signaling Is Critical for Habit Formation», Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 1 (2007): 6; Monica R. F. Hilario and Rui M. Costa, «High on Habits», Frontiers in Neuroscience 2 (2008): 208–17; A. Dickinson, «Appetitive-Aversive Interactions: Superconditioning of Fear by an Appetitive CS», Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29 (1977): 71–83; J. Lamarre and P. C. Holland, «Transfer of Inhibition After Serial Feature Negative Discrimination Training», Learning and Motivation 18 (1987): 319–42; P. C. Holland, «Differential Effects of Reinforcement of an Inhibitory Feature After Serial and Simultaneous Feature Negative Discrimination Training», Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10 (1984): 461–75.
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Науковці з Університету Північного Техасу… – Jennifer L. Harris, Marlene B. Schwartz, and Kelly D. Brownell, «Evaluating Fast Food Nutrition and Marketing to Youth», Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, 2010; H. Qin and V. R. Prybutok, «Determinants of Customer-Perceived Service Quality in Fast-Food Restaurants and Their Relationship to Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions», The Quality Management Journal 15 (2008): 35; H. Qin and V. R. Prybutok, «Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in Fast-Food Restaurants», International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 1 (2009): 78. For more on this topic, see K. C. Berridge, «Brain Reward Systems for Food Incentives and Hedonics in Normal Appetite and Eating Disorders», in Appetite and Body Weight, ed. Tim C. Kirkham and Steven J. Cooper (Burlington, Vt.: Academic Press, 2007), 91–215; K. C. Berridge et al., «The Tempted Brain Eats: Pleasure and Desire Circuits in Obesity and Eating Disorders», Brain Research 1350 (2010): 43–64; J. M. Dave et al., «Relationship of Attitudes Toward Fast Food and Frequency of Fast-Food Intake in Adults», Obesity 17 (2009): 1164–70; S. A. French et al., «Fast Food Restaurant Use Among Adolescents: Associations with Nutrient Intake, Food Choices and Behavioral and Psychosocial Variables», International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 25 (2001): 1823; N. Ressler, «Rewards and Punishments, Goal-Directed Behavior and Consciousness», Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28 (2004): 27–39; T. J. Richards, «Fast Food, Addiction, and Market Power», Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 32 (2007): 425–47; M. M. Torregrossa, J. J. Quinn, and J. R. Taylor, «Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Habit: The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex Revisited», Biological Psychiatry 63 (2008): 253–55; L. R. Vartanian, C. P. Herman, and B. Wansink, «Are We Aware of the External Factors That Influence Our Food Intake?» Health Psychology 27 (2008): 533–38; T. Yamamoto and T. Shimura, «Roles of Taste in Feeding and Reward», in The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, ed. Allan I. Basbaum et al. (New York: Academic Press, 2008), 437–58; F. G. Ashby, B. O. Turner, and J. C. Horvitz, «Cortical and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Habit Learning and Automaticity», Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (2010): 208–15.
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Те, що треба, щоб сформувати… – K. C. Berridge and T. E. Robinson, «Parsing Reward», Trends in Neurosciences 26 (2003): 507–13; Kelly D. Brownell and Katherine Battle Horgen, Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America’s Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 2004); Karl Weber, ed., Food, Inc.: How Industrial Food Is Making Us Sicker, Fatter, and Poorer – and What You Can Do About It (New York: Public