30. Fragment of a Statue of Meritamun, Ramesseum, Temple of the Queen, Egyptian, 19th Dynasty, reign of Ramses II (1290–1224 B.C.E.). Painted limestone, 75 × 44 cm. The Egyptian National Museum, Cairo.
31. Bust of Ramses II (detail), Tanis, Egyptian, 19th dynasty, reign of Ramses II (1279–1212 B.C.E.). Granite rock, 80 × 70 cm. The Egyptian National Museum, Cairo.
Ramses II has long been regarded as one of Ancient Egypt’s most celebrated and beloved pharaohs. The third king of the 19th dynasty, Ramses took the throne in his twenties and went on to rule for sixty-six years, during which time he launched numerous campaigns in Syria and the surrounding areas and left behind a huge amount of art and architecture dedicated to his legend and likeness, a testament to the prosperity which abounded during his reign. In addition to his wars with the Hittites and Libyans, he is known for his extensive building programs and for the many colossal statues of him found all over Egypt. These monuments include two temples, the astounding Colossus of Ramses at Memphis, a vast tomb at Thebes and the Ramesseum.
32. Wooden Head, near Vulci, Etruscan, end of the 7th century B.C.E. Wood, height: 21 cm. Museo Archeologico, Milan.
33. Statuette of a Woman, known as the “Lady of Auxerre”, Greek, Daedalic style, 2nd half of the 7th century B.C.E. Limestone, paint, height: 75 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris.
This limestone sculpture is a testimony to the intense artistic activity that took place in the eastern regions of the Mediterranean basin during the Daedelic period in Greece. It was found in the storeroom of the Auxerre Museum in 1907 without any information regarding its initial discovery. It is an example of sculpture from the Daedalic period seen from the U-shaped face, thick strands of hair and the meticulous, stylistic detailing. Since nothing is known of its origin it is hard to identify the person being depicted and determine its different gestures. The woman could either be a goddess since many terra cotta figurines of Middle Eastern divinities that specifically highlight sexual attributes were being created during the same period. Another possibility could be the representation of a servant in a fertility cult or even the dedicator herself making a gesture in prayer.
34. Kouros of the Sounion cape, Room 8, Poseidon Temple, Sounion, Greek, Archaic style, c. 600 B.C.E. Naxos marble, height: 305 cm. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
35. Head of a Colossal Kouros, near the Dipylon Gate, Kerameilkos, Athens, Greek, Archaic style, c. 610 B.C.E. Marble, height: 44 cm. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
This fragment is a rare early example of the “kouros”, or standing male statue. Its name comes from the Dipylon Cemetery in Athens where it was found. There, in the sixth century B.C.E., statues were sometimes used as grave markers, as they are today. While female statues were modestly dressed, the male versions were nude, perhaps indicating a god or a hero. These statues developed both from a local tradition of small figurines and from the Egyptian tradition of large stone sculpture. The early date of this piece is revealed through the style, which is more decorative than realistic. The eyes and eyebrows are deeply-set, the contours of the face are flat, and the shape of the ear is indicated with concentric, curved lines. The hair is patterned in an Egyptian manner and held back with a band. Over the course of the sixth century, Greek sculpture would lose this patterned, decorative quality and become increasingly realistic and lifelike.
36. Polymedes of Argos (active around 600 B.C.E.), Kouros, so-called Kleobis, Apollo Sanctuary, Delphi, Greek, Archaic style, c. 590–580 B.C.E. Marble, height: 218 cm. Delphi Archaeological Museum, Delphi.
37. Polymedes of Argos (active around 600 B.C.E.), Kouros, so-called Biton, Apollo Sanctuary, Delphi, Greek, Archaic style, c. 590–580 B.C.E. Marble, height: 218 cm. Delphi Archaeological Museum, Delphi.
38. Moschophoros (calf bearer), Athenian Acropolis, Greek, Attic, Archaic style, c. 570 B.C.E. Hymettus marble, traces of paint, height: 165 cm. Acropolis Museum, Athens.
39. Kouros of Tenea, formerly Apollo of Tenea, Greek, Corinthian, Archaic style, c. 560–550 B.C.E. Marble, height: 153 cm. Glyptothek, Munich.
40. Kore from the Cheramyes group, known as the “Hera of Samos”, Temple of Hera, Samos, Greek, Samian, Archaic style, c. 570–560 B.C.E. Marble, height: 192 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris.
This kore is best understood through comparison to the earlier Auxerre Kore (see no. 33). It continues the tradition sculpting the standing female in stone, but shows the development in the art form. This kore, like the earlier example, is modestly draped in a long gown and a shawl, but the form of her body is more visible underneath, especially the curves of her shoulders, breasts, and belly. The sculptor has drawn attention to these forms by showing how the clothing gathers, pleats and falls as it drapes over the woman’s body. Instead of the heavy, patterned woollen peplos worn by the Auxerre Kore (see no. 33), this kore wears a chiton, a tightly pleated, lightweight garment made of linen. The pleats are shown in detail, creating a vertical pattern that contrasts with the diagonal drapery of the shawl. This attention to the patterns of drapery would continue to characterise female sculpture in Greece over the coming centuries.
41. Kore, so called “Berlin Goddess”, Keratea, Greek, Attic, Archaic style, c. 570–560 B.C.E. Marble, height: 193 cm. Pergamon Museum, Berlin.
42. Kore 671, Athenian Acropolis, Greek, Attic, Archaic style, c. 520 B.C.E. Marble, height: 177 cm. Acropolis Museum, Athens.
43. The Peplos Kore or Kore 679, Athenian Acropolis, Greek, Attic, Archaic style, c. 530 B.C.E. Paros marble, height: 118 cm. Acropolis Museum, Athens.
44. The “Sarcophagus of the Spouses”, Cerveteri, Etruscan, c. 520–510 B.C.E. Polychrome terracotta, clay, slip, paint, modelling and moulding, 111 × 194 × 69 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris.
This exceptional monument is a sarcophagus or cinerary urn from Caere, a city famous during the Archaic period for its clay sculpture. During this epoch terracotta was one of the preferred materials in the sculpture workshops in this region and was used to make funerary monuments and architectural decorations. The ductility of the clay offered these artisans numerous possibilities, compensating for the lack of stone suitable in southern Etruria.
This particular monument was found in 1861 by Napoleon III and is often regarded as a sarcophagus because of its exceptional dimensions. It features the two deceased tenderly entwined, reclining on a bed in accordance with the style that