Handbook of Aggregation-Induced Emission, Volume 3. Группа авторов

of the emission wavelength. Based on this emitter, the nondoped OLED devices exhibited red emission peaking at 650 nm (CIE = 0.67, 0.32), with CE and EQE of 3750 cd/m² and 3.7%, which is higher than the BTPEBTTD‐based OLED device, as a result of weakened intermolecular interaction [75]. Xu et al. prepared two new AIE luminogens V2BV2 and T2BT2 (Figure 1.4), composed of TD cores, TPA bridges, and AIE‐active end‐capper. With multiple TPE units, the luminogens exhibited AEE (aggregation‐enhanced emission) properties. The nondoped OLED devices ITO/NPB (60 nm)/sample (20 nm)/TPBi (40 nm)/LiF (1.0 nm)/Al (100 nm) were fabricated with emission of 590 nm for T2BT2 and 616 nm for V2BV2, and the maximum PE was found at 6.81 cd/A and 4.96 lm/W for the T2BT2 device [76]. Qin et al. utilized the moieties of TPE, TD and arylamines triphenyal amine, or N,N′‐di(1‐naphthyl)‐N,N′‐diphenyl‐(1,1′‐biphenyl)‐4,4′‐diamine (NPB) to two novel red AIE‐active emitters TPE‐TPA‐BTD (TTB) and TPE‐NPA‐BTD (TNB) (Figure 1.4), which can be used as EMLs or both HTLs and EMLs for OLEDs with good EL performance. The nondoped OLED based on these emitters as EML can obtain EQE of up to 3.9%, while the bilayer OLED using TTB as HTLs and EMLs can reach EQ of up to 2.5%, with much simpler OLED structure [77]. Wang and coworkers prepared two new red AIE emitters composed by the stronger electron‐deficient core of [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline or benzo[1,2‐c; 4,5‐c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole and TPE end‐cappers. The resulting luminogens TDQ and BBT (Figure 1.4) show the AEE effect and their films emit NIR PL and EL emissions peaked in the range of 704–883 nm. Efficient nondoped NIR OLEDs were achieved using these materials as emitting layers, with a maximum EQE of 0.89% [78].

Figure 1.4 Molecular structures of red conventional AIE‐active emitters.

      1.2.4 Aggregation‐induced Emission‐active Emitters‐Based White OLED

White organic light‐emitting devices (WOLEDs) have attracted significant research interest both in academia and industry due to their potential application in solid‐state lighting and full‐color displays. Till now WOLEDs were usually obtained by blending the emission from two‐colored (blue and yellow) or three‐colored (red, green, and blue) emitters. One possible solution to preparing WOLEDs is to dope the emitters into a wide band‐gap host to overcome the ACQ effect. Tang et al. reported a novel blue‐emissive AIE material BTPE (Figure 1.5) with wide band gap of 3.1 eV. Based on this material as the host and the commercially available emitters DCJTB doped as the EML, the related WOLEDs could reach color rendering index, maximum luminance, and CE of 84, 10 319 cd/m², and 7 cd/A, respectively, with CIE coordinate of (0.36, 0.38) [79].

Figure 1.5 Molecular structures of conventional AIE‐active emitters to construct WOLEDs.

      Although the doping approach can effectively overcome the ACQ problems, it usually requires precise control over the dopants concentration, and the resulting emission also suffers from the drawbacks of insufficient energy transfer. From this point, nondoped methodology can solve such problem, but it usually posed a challenge for the fabrication, because the EMLs with normal emitters for WOLEDs should be ultrathin, about 1 Å, in order to avoid the ACQ disadvantages [80]. In this prospective, the AIE luminogens can overcome these drawbacks of ultrathin fabrication, because they exhibited high PLQYs in aggregated state, therefore showing high potentials especially in nondoped WOLEDs. Tang et al. took advantage of bluish‐green AIE emitter of TTPEPy (Figure 1.5) and red AIE emitter of BTPETTD to prepare nondoped fluorescent WOLEDs, which exhibited the maximum luminance, CE, and PE, of 18 000 cd/m², 7.4 cd/A, and 4 lm/W, respectively, with a reduced efficiency roll‐off, a high color rendering index of 90, and high color stability over a wide range of driving voltages [81]. To further simplify the process and reduce the cost of OLED, nondoped bilayer WOLED was fabricated by two emitters BTPETTD and DPPi with complementary colors of red and blue, respectively, while BTPETTD (Figure 1.5) and DPPi also served as the HTL and ETL, respectively. Through such a configuration, most of the excitons recombined in the DPPi layer gave off blue emission, while excitons captured by BTPETTD emitted red EL. And the bilayer WOLED based on the combination of these two emissions provided an efficient and stable white‐color emission, with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.31), CE of 4.2 cd/A at 1000 cd/m² [82]. Similarly, Ma et al. used prepared nondoped WOLEDs by adopting two aggregation‐induced enhanced emission (AIEE) materials, TDPVBi and CN‐DPASDB (Figure 1.5) with blue and orange emission, respectively. And the related WOLED exhibited a maximum CE, PE, and luminance of 7.9 cd/A, 6.2 lm/W, and 25 350 cd/m², respectively [83].

In other research, blue AIE emitters were also mixed with phosphorescent emitters to prepare WOLEDs. Chen reported an AIEgen CzPATPE (Figure 1.5) with sky‐blue emission around 495 nm and high triplet gap energy E_T between 2.05 and 2.16 eV, making it possible to serve as the host material for the orange dopant of Ir(2‐phq) ₃ (E_T ∼ 2.13 eV). Through solution process, AIE hybrid white OLED were prepared with structure of ITO/PEDOT : PSS (65 nm)/CzPATPE : Ir(2‐phq) ₃ (99.9 : 0.1, ∼40 nm)/TmPyPB (50 nm)/CsF (2 nm)/Al (100 nm), exhibiting white emission with CIE_x,y of (0.36, 0.43) and the modest maximum EL and PE of 3.4 cd/A and 1.8 lm/W, respectively [84]. Tang et al. took advantage of blue AIEgen BTPEAn (Figure 1.5) and an orange phosphorescent emitter Ir(dmppy) ₂(dpp) to prepare nondoped WOLEDs, with high CRI and PE of 85 and 35.0 lm/W, respectively. Besides, based on the same blue AIEgen and other two phosphorescent emitters Ir(dmppy) ₂(dpp) and Ir(piq) ₃ of red and orange emission, respectively, they also prepared three‐color nondoped WOLED exhibits with CRI > 90 at ≥ 3000 cd/m² [85]. In their further work, they utilized another blue AIEgen TPE‐TAPBI (Figure 1.5) as the nondoped blue‐emitting component to fabricate two‐color hybrid WOLEDs, with warm white light with CIE_x,y of (0.45, 0.46) and PE, CE, and EQE of 70.5 lm/W, 76.0 cd/A, and 28%, respectively [86]. Recently, Tang and Ma reported several novel, blue AIEgen without typical AIE moieties such as TPE or silole to prepare WOLEDs. They prepared 3TPA‐CN (Figure 1.5) as both blue emitter and phosphor host for the red phosphore Ir(tptpy) ₂acac to fabricate nondoped hybrid WOLED, with maximum PE and EQE reaching 86.7 lm/W and 22.3%, respectively [87]. In another research, based on the same deep‐blue AIE material TPB‐AC (Figure 1.5)