Hebrew For Dummies. Jill Suzanne Jacobs. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Jill Suzanne Jacobs
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Иностранные языки
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119862048
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(moh-lee eht fred neesh-kah; literally: Mollie Fred kissed.)

       אֶת פָרֶאד נִשְׁקָהּ מָלִי (eht fred neesh-kah moh-lee; Fred [is] kissed [by] Mollie.)

      All these sentences, despite their different word order, mean essentially the same thing: Mollie kissed Fred.

      

To say there is or there are, use the word יֵשׁ (yehsh) before the noun you want to talk about. To say there isn't or there aren't, use the word אֵין (ayn) before the noun. For example:

       יֵשׁ בָּנָנוֹת (yehsh bah-nah-noht; There are bananas.)

       אֵין בָּנָנוֹת (ayn bah-nah-noht; There aren’t any bananas.)

      Now, you can find any noun in this book, put a יֵשׁ or an אֵין in front of it, and you’ll be speaking Hebrew!

      Questioning

      When you make a question, you don’t change the order of the words, as in English. You can ask a question in a few ways. The first way is by simply taking a statement and putting a question mark in your voice (by raising your voice at the end of the sentence). Thus, when asked with the proper intonation, this statement can be a question: ? יֵשׁ חָלָב בַּמְּקָרֵר (yesh ha-lahv bah-mahk-rehr?; There’s milk in the refrigerator?).

      Another way to turn this statement into a question is to add the word נָכוֹן (nah-chohn; correct) to the end of the statement. In grammarspeak, this word is called a tag. For example:

       ? יֵשׁ חָלָב בַּמְּקָרֵר נָכוֹן (yehsh chah-lahv bah-mahk-rehr, nah-chohn?; There’s milk in the refrigerator, correct?)

      Yet another way to turn a statement into a question is to add the question word, הַאֵים (hah-eem), in front of the sentence — for example ? הַאֵים יֵשׁ חָלָב בַּמְּקָרֵר (hah-eem yehsh chah-lahv bah-mahk-rehr; Is there milk in the refrigerator?). This last option is the most formal option, so you won’t hear it often.

      If someone just said there are no strawberries in the fridge, for example, you might ask ? יֵשׁ בָּנָנוֹת(yesh bah-nah-noht; literally: Bananas?; But are there bananas?). Or you might ask ? אֵין בָּנָנו(ehn bah-nah-noht?; literally: Bananas there aren’t?; Aren’t there bananas?).

      In Hebrew, you can recognize the different parts of speech — such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives — by their distinct patterns. Sometimes, however, a word is both a verb and a noun, and adjectives and adverbs can take on many forms, so I can’t offer any easy clues for distinguishing the various parts of speech. You just need to memorize the vocabulary; then you’ll know.

      Naming nouns

      In Hebrew, all nouns are either masculine or feminine. They’re conjugated according to number (singular and plural). The noun book (a masculine noun), for example, can be conjugated two ways:

       סֵפֶר (seh-fehr; book)

       סְפָרִים (sfah-reem; books)

      Look at this example of a feminine noun:

       מַזְלֵג (mahz-lehg; fork)

       מַזְלְגוֹת (mahz-leh-goht; forks)

      

When masculine nouns are conjugated in the plural, they usually have an ים (eem) ending, and when feminine nouns are conjugated in the plural, they usually have an וֹת (oht) ending. The Nonbinary Hebrew Project proposes adding הto the suffixes of most words to create a third, nonbinary gender category: מִגְדָּר רָחָב (migdar rahav).

Hebrew Pronunciation Translation
בַּיִת bah-yeet house
דֶּרֶךְ deh-rech way, road
אִישׁ eesh man
אִשָּׁה ee-shah woman
כֶּסֶף keh-sehf money
מַפְתֵּחַ mahf-teh-ach key
מַגֶּבֶת mah-geh-veht towel
מְקָרֵר mahk-rehr refrigerator
מַזְגָן mahz-gahn air conditioner
מַזְלֵג mahz-lehg fork
מְכוֹנִית meh-hoh-neet car
מִהְבָּח meet-bahch kitchen
מִבְרֶשֶׁת meev-reh-sheht brush
אֹכֶל oh-ehl food
סֵפֶר seh-fehr book
שֶׁמֶשׁ

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