Objects to Learn about and Objects for Learning 2. Группа авторов

that geography does not have a monopoly on space and that the audience for this training was very heterogeneous in its spatial knowledge (Merenne-Schoumaker 2012), it is not surprising that there was a wide range of responses among the first suggestions for spatial points of reference. The pupils did not arrive “without anything”, especially in CM2, and they deployed knowledge constructed by interactions between the academic and personal environments. This reinforces the idea that geographical knowledge functions as a system, which makes school geography one of the poles that benefits from the contributions of university geography, applied geography and, in the context of our current focus here, mainstream geography (Chevalier 1997). The didactics system takes these elements into account by adapting the typical representation, which is usually modeled in the form of a triangle between the pupil, the teacher and knowledge (traditionally “academic”), into a diamond shape for which the additional point is made up of media and vernacular knowledge (Labinal 2012).

The instructions were thus as follows: “Find ten locations you consider important to know about and to be able to locate” (responses presented in Tables 1.2–1.5). A priori clear enough to be understood and open enough to not bias the responses, this formulation still confused some pupils, since some of the responses (Table 1.2) were organized around places that could be considered “general”, important to everyone (town hall, hospital, police station, etc.) or for themselves (home, school, garden, etc.) but that could not be located on a map larger than a town, neighborhood or even a specific home: a first set which represented the characteristic “uninformative for others” (Leroux and Verherve 2014) and that could not be used for the remainder of the project.

Table 1.2. Indefinite places

Indefinite places	Frequency
Town hall	5
Home – school	4
Police	3
Hospital	2
Fire station – dentist – museum – veterinarian – supermarket – train station – street – church – mausoleum – beach – mosque – garden – classroom – mountain	1

A second set of responses could be divided into two groups (Tables 1.3 and 1.4) included spatial references that were now identifiable, but still too vague and large to fit the framework proposed in this project. The largest spatial containers, namely the continents, were mentioned and recognized, with the exception of Oceania, typically confounded with Australia, which was mentioned in the country category. The countries were primarily European. We noted countries with large areas (Russia, China, Brazil), most of the countries bordering France, and those with family relationships (the Maghreb). The cities were primarily French, with Paris at the top of the list; Tourcoing was naturally mentioned in the same breath as Lille.

Table 1.3. Cities

Countries	Cities	Frequency
	Paris	7
	Lille – Tourcoing – Marseille	3
	Lyon – Strasbourg – Montpellier	2
	Nice – Nantes – Toulouse – Nîmes – Toulouse – Bordeaux	1
Others	London – Rome	1

Table 1.4. Spatial containers

Spatial containers
	Continents	Frequency
	Asia	3
	Europe – Africa	2
	America – Antarctica	1
Continents	Countries	Frequency
Europe	Italy – Russia	5
	France	4
	Belgium – Spain – Portugal	3
	United Kingdom	2
	Germany – Romania – Switzerland	1
Oceania	Australia	1
Africa	Algeria	2
	Tunisia – Egypt	1
Asia	Russia	5
	China	2
America	Brazil	2
	Argentina – Mexico	1

Table 1.5. Locatable points of reference

      A third group of responses (Table

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