2 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Material parameters for ice (S‐2 and equiaxed)), Ti‐6246, Waspalo...
3 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Creep parameters for pure S‐2 ice obtained independently from cre...
List of Illustrations
1 f05Figure P.1 Delayed elastic strain (des) recovery. (a) constant‐stress creep ...Figure P.2 “Trishul” (trident) of the two primary – North (N) and South (S) ...
2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Harappan style of brick production from clay. (a) Process of sun ...Figure 1.2 Melting points of some pure metals and ice.Figure 1.3 Scanning electron micrograph of (a) a vertical section of a brine...Figure 1.4 Short‐term (200 s) and longer‐term (2341 s) tensile SRRTs on a si...Figure 1.5 Results of Figure 1.4 shown in a logarithmic timescale, illustrat...Figure 1.6 Strain–time curves, showing rise time to apply full load (<1 s), ...Figure 1.7 Stress–strain diagram. (a) Two values of elastic modulus, E, and ...Figure 1.8 Stress dependence of average viscous strain rate during primary c...
3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Basic crystal lattice structures: (a) BCC, (b) FCC, and (c) HCP c...Figure 2.2 Stacking sequence in (a) FCC and (b) HCP crystals.Figure 2.3 Typical pressure versus temperature of a one‐component system. T Figure 2.4 Sample phase diagram schematic for a binary XY system. (a) Simple...Figure 2.5 Schematic of common point defects in crystals, including a vacanc...Figure 2.6 Schematic of the basic motion or propagation of an edge dislocati...Figure 2.7 Schematic of the basic motion or propagation of a screw dislocati...Figure 2.8 Composition of a typical soda‐lime container glass given in weigh...Figure 2.9 Thermally tempered lath with (a) parabolic stress distribution in...Figure 2.10 Temperature dependence of the CLTE for a lapped and polished lat...Figure 2.11 Temperature dependence of Young's modulus, E, for commercially a...Figure 2.12 Simplified phase diagram of water showing stable ice polymorphs....Figure 2.13 Snowflake and hexagonal ice. (a) Natural snowflake photographed ...Figure 2.14 Schematic of (a) NaCl structure with sixfold polyhedral coordina...Figure 2.15 Iron‐carbon phase diagram demonstrating the main phases under at...Figure 2.16 Schematic of cuboidal γ′ (Ni3(Al,Ti)) precipitates within a γ [F...Figure 2.17 Dependence of strain age cracking susceptibility based “weldabil...Figure 2.18 Chemical composition diagrams of three nickel‐base superalloys. ...Figure 2.19 Schematic of primary and secondary α‐phases within a β‐phase mat...
4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) Three‐dimensional drawing of an idealized lattice structure s...Figure 3.2 Schematic of etch pitting along dislocation core and SEM of repli...Figure 3.3 Schematic of etch pitting along dislocation core and SEM of repli...Figure 3.4 Nonbasal (pointing upward) and basal (horizontal) dislocations....Figure 3.5 Optical images of triple points in transparent, pure columnar‐gra...Figure 3.6 SEM images of etched and replicated surfaces of ice. (a) Hexagona...Figure 3.7 SEM images of etched and replicated surfaces of ice. (a) Few basa...Figure 3.8 SEM images of etched and replicated surfaces of ice. (a) Arrested...Figure 3.9 SEM of etch pits with core whiskers in slip bands and multitude o...Figure 3.10 Four types of ice structure.Figure 3.11 NRCC large‐field polariscope for observations of circular thin s...Figure 3.12 Images from the large field‐of‐view NRCC polariscope. (a) Concen...Figure 3.13 Orientation of ion‐exchanged cracks on the surface of a 25 mm wi...Figure 3.14 Sublimation pits in ice. Note especially the shape of the pits f...Figure 3.15 Optical micrographs of replicated surfaces exhibiting two differ...Figure 3.16 SEM showing many shallow etch tracts for rapidly moving traffic ...Figure 3.17 Micrographs of ice replicas. (a) Optical micrograph exhibiting a...Figure 3.18 Sketch of relevant parameters for etching in air/gas environment...Figure 3.19 Sketch of a thermal‐etching box with transparent glass bottom an...Figure 3.20 Optical micrograph showing grain‐size distribution in spat‐coole...Figure 3.21 Optical micrograph of a horizontal thin section (prepared by DMT...Figure 3.22 Optical micrograph of microtomed and thermally etched surface, n...Figure 3.23 Thermally etched surface, normal to the long axis of a grain of ...Figure 3.24 Optical image of thermally etched biaxially deformed S‐3 sea ice...
5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Experimentally determined and calculated (solid lines) dependence...Figure 4.2 Frequency dependence of the effective elastic modulus of cast, HI...Figure 4.3 Stress–strain hysteresis loop for SRRT on nickel‐base Waspaloy at...Figure 4.4 Stress–strain hysteresis loop for SRRT for a creep time of 300 s ...Figure 4.5 Temperature dependence of “static” Young's modulus of HIPed and h...Figure 4.6 Thermal strain in nickel‐base superalloy IN‐738LC in the temperat...Figure 4.7 Four‐point bending arrangements. (a) Home‐made single‐lever loadi...Figure 4.8 Interference patterns, produced by a Babinet compensator in monoc...Figure 4.9 Stress distributions in bending for nonlinear viscoelastic materi...Figure 4.10 Specimen with five spot‐welded thermocouples in a three‐zone fur...Figure 4.11