4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Limits of flange deviations.Figure 4.2 Spiral‐wound gaskets are reinforced with metal rings to prevent b...Figure 4.3 Kammprofile gaskets consist of a solid metal core with concentric...Figure 4.4 Typical small bracing (gusseting) applied in two planes to a smal...Figure 4.5 In long horizontal suction pipe runs, air pockets are avoided by ...Figure 4.6 If inlet flow originates above the pump suction nozzle, air or va...Figure 4.7 Historical vibration‐related piping failures.Figure 4.8 Piping span with concentrated masses supported with restraints to...Figure 4.9 Some typical small‐bore piping designs that can result in excessi...Figure 4.10 Valve supported off the main line with clamp and angle brace.Figure 4.11 Two effective ways to brace a vent or drain valves to control vi...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Some of the many styles and sizes of rolling element bearings fou...Figure 5.2 (a) Cylindrical roller bearing; (b) self‐aligning ball bearing; (...Figure 5.3 API 610 style centrifugal pump cross‐section with radial bearing ...Figure 5.4 Nomenclature for a typical radial ball bearing.Figure 5.5 ANSI style centrifugal pump cross‐section with double‐row thrust ...Figure 5.6 Double row angular bearing with two inner rings have higher load ...Figure 5.7 Sets of thrust bearings with different orientations [4]: tandem, ...Figure 5.8 Skidding bearing (left) vs. rolling bearing (right). Skidding gen...Figure 5.9 Relative bearing performance characteristics.Figure 5.10 Triplex bearing set, consisting of dimensionally matched angular...Figure 5.11 Competent bearing manufacturers design contact angles so as to a...Figure 5.12 This MRC “PumPac” thrust bearing set with unequal load angles an...Figure 5.13 Double‐row angular contact bearing retained and located with spa...Figure 5.14 Snap‐in pressed steel cages for Conrad‐type bearings (a) and fil...Figure 5.15 Snap‐in polyamide cage (a) and machined brass cage (b), both for...Figure 5.16 Filling slot bearing (double‐row style) with “stay‐rod” cages.Figure 5.17 Slight preloading prevents skidding and slightly increases beari...Figure 5.18 Axial deflection is a function of bearing geometry and force act...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 A typical pump bearing housing with oil level reaching to center ...Figure 6.2 Bearing housing with oil level lowered to accommodate high DN val...Figure 6.3 Oil rings in as‐new (wide and chamfered) condition on left, and a...Figure 6.4 A bearing housing accommodating a cartridge on the outboard side....Figure 6.5 This 1960s‐vintage bearing housing uses “oil throwers” for keepin...Figure 6.6 Two different constant level lubricator styles, both are pressure...Figure 6.7 Pressure‐balanced constant level lubricator.Figure 6.8 Oil‐mist lubrication applied to a pump‐bearing housing in accorda...Figure 6.9 Expansion chamber intended for process pump‐bearing housings.
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The required minimum (rated) viscosity (v1) depends on shaft rpm ...Figure 7.2 For a required viscosity (vertical scale), the permissible bearin...Figure 7.3 How changes in lube application, oil types, and lube viscosities ...Figure 7.4 Illustrates an important difference between mineral oils and synt...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Lip seals (a and top b) tend to wear and have typically only a th...Figure 8.2 Noncontacting bearing protector seals: (a) plain labyrinth – its ...Figure 8.3 Inadequate shaft clamping, off‐center mass, and O‐ring contact wi...Figure 8.4 Advanced hybrid bearing protector seal.Figure 8.5 Dual‐face magnetic bearing protector seal.Figure 8.6 Self‐aligning and extended axial movement bearing protector seal....
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Operating principle and essential nomenclature of mechanical seal...Figure 9.2 Compression packing used in a simple centrifugal pump.Figure 9.3 Recirculating (injecting) a product side stream (API Plan 11).Figure 9.4 Product recirculation from seal chamber to heat exchanger and bac...Figure 9.5 Injection of cool or clean liquid from external source into the s...Figure 9.6 API Plan 53A – pressurized barrier fluid circulation in outboard ...Figure 9.7 API Plan 53C – pressurized and cooled barrier fluid circulation i...Figure 9.8 API Plan 62 – an external fluid stream is brought to the atmosphe...Figure 9.9 An energy‐inefficient API Plan 62 in use at an older sewage treat...Figure 9.10 Four water management systems connect to the seal glands of four...Figure 9.11 Plan 23 cross‐section of a seal cavity with a bidirectional (tap...Figure 9.12 A bidirectional tapered pumping ring assembled (a) and shown sep...Figure 9.13 A relatively ineffective straight‐vane pumping ring.Figure 9.14 Pumping screw found in some dual seals. To be effective these au...Figure 9.15 Recirculation from pump discharge through restriction orifice an...Figure 9.16 API Plan 23, recirculation from a pumping device in the seal cha...Figure 9.17 Self‐contained water management systems are replacing many highl...Figure 9.18 API Flush Plan 32; flush is injected into the seal chamber from ...Figure 9.19 API Flush Plan 53A, where a pressurized external barrier fluid r...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 A typical twin pump installation. Notice both pumps are tied int...Figure 10.2 Two centrifugal pumps in parallel operation.Figure 10.3 A hot pump with warm‐up piping that allows liquid to bypass the ...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Ineffective “cooling fan” (a) and a reasonably effective fan (b)...Figure 11.2 Closed impeller (a), closed impeller with inducer (b), open impe...Figure 11.3 Gap designations and impeller trim methods [1], including the fo...Figure 11.4 L‐shaped (a) and labyrinth‐shaped impeller wear rings (b).Figure 11.5 Conventional wear ring profiles (a) and enhanced contour wear ri...Figure 11.6 Vane modifications suppress flow disturbances and vibrations.
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Excessive amount of water being drained from a pump bearing hous...Figure 12.2 Unsuitable lube transfer containers.Figure 12.3 Careless handling of an approved transfer container can still ca...Figure 12.4 Contamination adjustment factor “a23” vs. viscosity ratio v/v1....Figure 12.5 Rainwater will enter through this closed bung via capillary acti...Figure 12.6 Unacceptable outdoor lube storage where up‐turned open vents all...Figure 12.7 Mini bulk storage indoors. Note approved transfer containers on ...Figure 12.8 Modern lubrication storage center, about 2010.
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Prominent pump standards recognize pump vibration magnitude is n...Figure 13.2 How pump vibration affects bearing life.Figure 13.3 Bearing degradation shows up as vibration and can be related to ...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A typical captured center member disc pack coupling for process ...Figure 14.2 Coupling hub damaged with severe hammer blows at disassembly.Figure 14.3 A quality process pump during factory assembly. Note alignment j...Figure 14.4 Foot‐mounted ANSI pump on a conventional base plate. On other th...Figure 14.5 This medium‐size pump is designed without a bearing support brac...Figure 14.6 Reverse dial indicator alignment setup using low‐sag tubular ind...Figure 14.7 How misalignment shortens service life of typical bearings. Most...Figure 14.8 Months of continuous operating life vs. misalignment.
15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Reliability engineers need data to determine where to focus thei...Figure 16.2 Pareto chart of total pump failures over the last 12 months for ...Figure 16.3 Reliability growth plot of pump failures in an operating area.Figure 16.4 Two plantwide mean time between failures (MTBF) trend plots. The...Figure 16.5 Staying near the center of this “Reliability Curve” is a wise co...
16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 A mechanic inspects a centrifugal pump impeller during a repair....Figure 17.2 The Barringer–Nelson curve shows reliability impact of pump oper...Figure 17.3 Cross section of a rerated pump with new case wear ring adapter ...Figure 17.4 Detail of custom‐designed volute tongue inserts.Figure 17.5 Comparison of the original pump performance to the rerated pump ...
17 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Wireless vibration transmitters deliver vibration information ov...Figure 18.2 How hard‐wired vibration transducers can be installed to protect...Figure 18.3 Spectral alarm bands. A spectral alarm band is a narrow frequenc...
18 Chapter