14 9 Mechanical Sealing Options for Long Life Still Using Packing? General Overview of Mechanical Seals All Flush Plans Have Advantages and Disadvantages Always Obtain the Full Picture Seal Chamber Pumping Ring (Circulating Device) Technologies Lessons Apply to Many Services References
15 10 Pump Operation Starting Centrifugal Pumps Surveillance of Pump Operation Optimum Pump Switching Interval Centrifugal Pump Shutdown Addressing Post Start‐up Issues Avoiding Parallel Pump Operating Problems References
16 11 Impeller Modifications and Pump Maintenance Maintenance Essentials Superior Maintenance Requires Upgrading Impeller Upgrading with Inducers Distance from Impeller Tip to Stationary Internal Casing Components Impeller Trimming Impeller Wear Rings Vane Tip Overfiling and Underfiling Carbon Graphite Wear Rings and Bushings References
17 12 Lubrication Management How Bad Is Water Contamination? Avoid Solids Contamination Avoid Questionable Oil Storage and Transfer Practices Periodic Audits References
18 13 Pump Condition Monitoring Vibration and Its Effect on Bearing Life Monitoring Methods Differ Vibration Acceptance Limits Causes of Excessive Vibration Rotor Balancing References
19 14 Drivers, Couplings, and Alignment Driver Selection Coupling Selection and Installation Installation and Removal Alignment and Quality Criteria Consequences of Misalignment Thermal Rise and Predefinition of Growth References
20 15 Fits, Dimensions, and Related Misunderstandings Low Incremental Cost of Better Pumps Pump Pedestals and Bearing Housings Should Not Be Water‐Cooled Summary of Bearing‐Related Issues Constant Level Lubricators Bearing Housing Protector Seals (“Bearing Isolators”) Motor Lubrication Summary Mechanical Seal Issues Hydraulic Issues Impeller Hydraulics Mechanical Improvement or Upgrade Options Process Pump Repair Dimensions References
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16 Using Failure Statistics and Root Cause Analysis Findings to Guide Reliability Improvement Efforts
Mean‐Time‐Between Failures and Repair Cost Calculations
Performing Your Own Projected MTBF Calculations
Older Pumps vs. Newer Pumps
Reliability Reviews Start Before Purchase
Structured Failure Analysis Strategies Solve Problems
The “FRETT” Approach to Eradicating Repeat Failures of Pumps
Analyzing Pump Failure Data
Why We Use Reliability Tools
Cumulative