Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Chris Binns

5.6 Core@shell@shell Co@Ag@Au nanoparticles. (a) Representation of th...Figure 5.7 Sequential methods for producing core‐shell nanoparticles. ...Figure 5.8 Simple parallel‐plate electrostatic filter. (a) Simple para...Figure 5.9 Types of mass spectrometer used to mass filter nanoparticle beams...Figure 5.10 Mass spectra at high and low resolution. (a) High‐resolution TOF...Figure 5.11 Electronic shell filling and atomic packing origins of magic num...Figure 5.12 Aerodynamic lensing. (a) A series of axial restrictions in the g...Figure 5.13 Methods of production of nanoparticle aerosol. (a) Spark source ...Figure 5.14 Sizing and counting particles in aerosols. (a) DMA that determin...Figure 5.15 Chemical synthesis of FePt nanoparticles. The preparation of mon...Figure 5.16 Self‐ordered arrays of chemically produced FePt nanoparticles....Figure 5.17 Nanoparticle synthesis using dendrimers. (a) G5 PAMAM dendrimer....Figure 5.18 Gas‐phase synthesis of hydrosols. A multi‐element nanopart...Figure 5.19 Size distributions in hydrosols measured by PTA. (a) A NanosightFigure 5.20 Size distributions in hydrosols measured by DLS. (a) Basic setup...Figure 5.21 Some methods for graphene synthesis. (a) Mechanical exfoliation ...Figure 5.22 Methods for large‐scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes. (a)...Figure 5.23 Growth of vertically aligned nanotubes by PECVD. (a) Under the r...Figure 5.24 “Nanobamas.” The face of President Obama synthesized...Figure 5.25 Direct observation of SWNT growing from a metal catalyst nanopar...Figure 5.26 Mechanism of SWNT growth from a metal catalyst nanoparticle. (a)...Figure 5.27 Creating metal nanostructures on a Si surface using EBL. The bar...Figure 5.28 35 nm CoPt magnetic dots produced by EBL. SEM image of an ...Figure 5.29 Liquid metal ion source. (a) Formation of Taylor cone on applyin...Figure 5.30 Schematic of ion beam column. The LMIS and extractor provide the...Figure 5.31 Products of incident ion beam. When the energetic ions hit the s...Figure 5.32 Magnetic AND gate produced by FIB milling. Magnetic AND gate pat...Figure 5.33 Ion sputtering with precursor gases. (a) Chemically enhanced FIB...Figure 5.34 Comparison of milling and deposition using an FIB. SEM image of ...Figure 5.35 Four‐point probe conductivity measurement on single carbon nanot...Figure 5.36 SQUID with Josephson junctions formed by an SWNT. (a) Atomic for...Figure 5.37 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. (a) Schematic of a STM with an at...Figure 5.38 Atomic resolution STM images. (a) Si(111) surface showing (7 × 7...Figure 5.39 STM tunneling tips. (a) SEM image of an STM tip produced by elec...Figure 5.40 First demonstration of manipulating individual atoms using an ST...Figure 5.41 Mechanism for moving atoms with an STM. (a) Initially a scan is ...Figure 5.42 Quantum corrals assembled from Fe atoms on a Cu(111) surface. Di...Figure 5.43 C60 Abacus. C₆₀ molecules manipulated using an STM on a stepped ...Figure 5.44 STS of C60 molecules adsorbed on Si(100) 2 × 1 surface....Figure 5.45 Atomic Force Microscopy. (a) A standard commercial cantilever is...Figure 5.46 Deflection of cantilever approaching surface. Schematic of canti...Figure 5.47 Atomic resolution noncontact AFM image of Si(111) 7 × 7 surface....Figure 5.48 MFM of a magnetic sample using lift mode. (a) MFM of a magnetic ...Figure 5.49 AFM of TrV capsids. (a) Topography of a TrV virus capsid in ECF,...Figure 5.50 Dip‐Pen Nanolithography. (a) Illustration of the basic met...Figure 5.51 Nanoarrays for the ultrasensitive detection of biological molecu...Figure 5.52 High‐resolution TEM image of a Au nanoparticle. Image of a...Figure 5.53 Optical and magnetic lenses. (a) Optical lens. (b) Magnetic lens...Figure 5.54 Lacy carbon TEM sample grid. (a) Standard 3 mm TEM sample grid n...Figure 5.55 Atomic‐scale elemental mapping by EDX. Chemical map of Sr ...

      7 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 MFM image of 394 Gb/in2 disk. Magnetic force microscope (MF...Figure 6.2 Medium for HAMR. FePt nanoparticles with a size ~5 nm for use as ...Figure 6.3 Ordered array of FePt nanoparticles. AFM image of an ordered arra...Figure 6.4 Writing to CoPt nanoparticle array using MFM. An array of CoPt na...Figure 6.5 Array of 5 × 5 AFM cantilevers for parallel operation....Figure 6.6 Fluorescence from a bulk semiconductor. (a) An electron is promot...Figure 6.7 Fluorescence from CdSe quantum dots of different sizes. Change in...Figure 6.8 CdSe/ZnS core–shell quantum dot. Coating a CdSe quantum dot...Figure 6.9 Quantum dot solar cell. Typical device configuration for a quantu...Figure 6.10 Perovskite quantum dot solar cell. Record performance solar cell...Figure 6.11 Carbon nanoparticle solar cell. (a) Schematic of the device stru...Figure 6.12 Field‐Effect Transistor. Basic configuration of an FET. Wi...Figure 6.13 Moore's Law. Growth in the number of transistors per micropr...Figure 6.14 Coulomb blockade in a nanoparticle SET. (a) Schematic of a nanop...Figure 6.15 Fabrication of Au nanoparticle SET. (a) Drop of 20 nm Au nanopar...Figure 6.16 Coulomb blockade behavior in Au nanoparticle SET. (a) Current th...Figure 6.17 Current vs. bias voltage for a C60 SET. The top inset displays t...Figure 6.18 Tunneling combined with excitation of quantized oscillations in ...Figure 6.19 Graphene–Porphyrin SET. (a) Porphyrin molecule used as the...Figure 6.20 Stability diagram of the porphyrin SET at 300 K. Two‐dimen...Figure 6.21 Synthesis of carbon nanotube SET. Stages in the construction of ...Figure 6.22 Construction of a carbon nanotube FET integrated circuit. (a) AF...

      8 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Particle moving in a viscous fluid. For a particle moving in a vi...Figure 7.2 Relative sizes of water molecules and nanoparticle. 10‐nm‐diamete...Figure 7.3 Random walk in three dimensions. (a) Example of a random walk on ...Figure 7.4 Fick’s law. The flux, J, through a plane perpendicular to a...Figure 7.5 Formation of EDL around nanoparticles in suspension. (a) charges ...Figure 7.6 Interactions between Au nanoparticles in water. (a) Interaction e...Figure 7.7 Interactions between maghemite nanoparticles in water. Interactio...Figure 7.8 Total interaction energy at high charge density. Total (Van der W...Figure 7.9 Steric repulsion of nanoparticles coated in polymers. The higher ...Figure 7.10 Synthesis methods for bulk nanobubbles. (a) Hydrodynamic cavitat...Figure 7.11 Nanobubbles produced by electrolysis of brine. (a) Nanobubble si...Figure 7.12 Measurement of the size distribution of nanobubbles and the Tynd...Figure 7.13 FF–TEM images of bulk nanobubbles. (a)–(c) FF–TEM images o...Figure 7.14 Zeta potential vs. gas type, pH, NaCl concentration and temperat...Figure 7.15 Tapping mode AFM images of surface nanobubbles on HOPG. (a) Typi...Figure 7.16 Nonintrusive optical imaging of surface nanobubbles. (a) Optical...Figure 7.17 Surface cleaning by nanobubbles. (a) Effect of exposure of a BSA...Figure 7.18 Promotion of plant growth by water containing nanobubbles. The g...Figure 7.19 Classical flow of fluid through a pipe. The velocity v_y(z) as a ...Figure 7.20 Manufacture of nanotube flow capillary. (a) Nanotube inserted in...Figure 7.21 Measured jet velocities and momentum fluxes through CNTs and BNN...Figure 7.22 Measured permeabilities and slip length as a function of radius ...

      9 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Generic types of nanovectors for diagnosis and treatment. (a) Ful...Figure 8.2 Size of nanoparticles used in medicine compared with biological a...Figure 8.3 Sizes of blood cells relative to nanoparticles. (a) Erythrocyte o...Figure 8.4 Types of core nanoparticles used in medical applications to scale...Figure 8.5 Traditional explanation of enhanced permeability and retention (E...Figure 8.6 Cell regions. Labeling of different portions of the internal regi...Figure 8.7 Structure of plasma membrane. (a) Phospholipid molecule. (b) Plas...Figure 8.8 Membrane proteins. The two basic types of membrane protein.Figure 8.9 Cell internal structure.