3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Sources of background nanoparticles. (a) Volcanoes and (b) forest...Figure 2.2 Size distribution of urban aerosol. The concentration of airborne...Figure 2.3 Nanoparticles produced by candles. The size distribution of parti...Figure 2.4 Nanoparticles and the lungs. (a) Anatomy of finest bronchial tube...Figure 2.5 Translocation of Au nanoparticles from the lungs into blood circu...Figure 2.6 Frustrated phagocytosis. Scanning electron microscopy image of ma...Figure 2.7 Villi and microvilli of the small intestine. The surface of the c...Figure 2.8 Structure of skin. Human skin consists of three basic layers labe...Figure 2.9 Relative sizes of particles involved in clouds. Comparison of a C...Figure 2.10 Effect of nanoparticles on DCCs. In clouds that lack nanoparticl...Figure 2.11 Phytoplankton bloom in the North Sea. Clouds of phytoplankton ar...Figure 2.12 Composition of particles produced by phytoplankton. (a) Seasonal...Figure 2.13 Maunder minimum and the little ice age. The Plot, using historic...Figure 2.14 Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko. (a) Ph...Figure 2.15 Pollution of soil and groundwater by anthropogenic activities. R...Figure 2.16 Application of nZVI particles to groundwater remediation. In the...Figure 2.17 Magnetic separation of Pb contamination from water. (a) Suspensi...Figure 2.18 Polymerization of ethylene to produce polyethylene. (a) Ethylene...Figure 2.19 Catalyst for upscaling waste plastic. (a) Pt particles with a di...
4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Carbon bonding in diamond and graphite. Illustration of bonding o...Figure 3.2 Graphene sheet. (a) A single hexagonal layer of carbon atoms (gra...Figure 3.3 First detection of C60. Time of flight mass spectrum of carbon cl...Figure 3.4 Structure of C60. The atomic structure of a C60 molecule or “buck...Figure 3.5 Euler’s theorem. Verification of Euler’s theorem for a cube...Figure 3.6 Direct imaging of the formation of C60 from giant fullerenes. Ser...Figure 3.7 Small fullerene structures. Structure of closed‐cage fullerene cl...Figure 3.8 Endohedral fullerene. Introducing metal atoms into the vapor in w...Figure 3.9 Endohedral fullerenes produced by implanting ions. Fullerenes can...Figure 3.10 Icosahedral structure of C540. The fullerene C540, which corresp...Figure 3.11 Structure of C70. The structure of C70 consisting of 25 hexagona...Figure 3.12 C60 adsorbed on Si(100). STM image of C60 molecules adsorbed on ...Figure 3.13 Face‐centered cubic structure of C60 fullerite. (a) The un...Figure 3.14 Structure of C60 ‐ alkali metal fullerides. (a) Octahedral...Figure 3.15 First reported images of carbon nanotubes. Electron microscope i...Figure 3.16 Chirality of nanotubes. Starting with an infinite graphene sheet...Figure 3.17 System for specifying nanotube chiralities. (a) The tube is spec...Figure 3.18 Measuring the resistance of individual nanotubes. Schematic of e...Figure 3.19 Field emission from carbon nanotubes. (a) Schematic showing how ...Figure 3.20 Measurement of the tensile strength of individual SWNTs. (a) Ind...Figure 3.21 Testing of an individual MWNT for use as a “nano cheesewire.”...Figure 3.22 Definition of thermal conductivity. If a temperature gradient G ...Figure 3.23 Carbon nanohorns. (a) Morphology of nanoparticles formed by carb...Figure 3.24 Nanobuds and Peapods. (a) Nanobud structure (TEM image and schem...
5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Dimensionality of materials. The dimensionality of a material is ...Figure 4.2 Quantum states of conduction electrons in a metal. (a) The states...Figure 4.3 Quantum states of electrons in an intrinsic and n‐doped semicondu...Figure 4.4 Quantum states a p‐doped semiconductor. (a) Inserting a tri...Figure 4.5 Electron charge distribution in graphene. (a) Three out of the fo...Figure 4.6 Valence and conduction bands of graphene. (a) Bandstructure of gr...Figure 4.7 Ambipolar effect in graphene. (a) Schematic of a graphene sheet p...Figure 4.8 Conductivity vs. gate voltage in a graphene FET. The conductivity...Figure 4.9 Definition of thermal conductivity in graphene. The thermal condu...Figure 4.10 Measurement of thermal conductivity of graphene by Raman spectro...Figure 4.11 Variation of graphene Raman G peak position with laser power. (a...Figure 4.12 Method for measuring the tensile strength of graphene. A graphen...Figure 4.13 Superstructures formed by stacking two graphene sheets at an ang...Figure 4.14 Superconducting transition temperature vs. twist angle. Variatio...Figure 4.15 Electrical properties of bilayer graphene at the magic angle as ...Figure 4.16 Energy densities for various battery technologies. Plot of the v...Figure 4.17 Process for producing stable mesoporous graphene anodes. Startin...Figure 4.18 Storage capacity of mesoporous graphene anodes with cycle number...Figure 4.19 Synthesis of mesoporous graphene (graphene popcorn) using SiO2 n...Figure 4.20 Miniature accelerometer based on a graphene bilayer strip. (a) S...Figure 4.21 Process to produce controlled pores in graphene membrane. (a) Pr...
6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Log‐normal size distribution. Distribution of particle diam...Figure 5.2 Schematic of nanoparticle beam source. Generic design of a nanopa...Figure 5.3 Schematics of the main types of source using supersaturated vapor...Figure 5.4 Basic structural arrangements of multi‐element nanoparticles....Figure 5.5 Multi‐element nanoparticle