Hydrogeology. Kevin M. Hiscock

of the chemical character of ...Fig. 4.6 Schematic diagram of the evolution of groundwater along a flowpath ...Fig. 4.7 Map of the extent of the Upper Floridan aquifer showing the relatio...Fig. 4.8 Hydrogeological section of part of the Upper Floridan aquifer. The ...Fig. 4.9 Hydrochemical section along line A‐A′ (see Fig. 4.7) showing the va...Fig. 4.10 Flow cell with inserted measurement probes for monitoring the well...Fig. 4.11 Distribution diagrams of (a) Na⁺ and (b) Cl⁻ concentrations ...Fig. 4.12 Schoeller (semi‐logarithmic) diagram illustrating near‐surface gro...Fig. 4.13 Simple graphical representation of major ion analyses of groundwat...Fig. 4.14 Trilinear diagram of major ion analyses of groundwaters from the M...Fig. 4.15 Durov diagram of major ion analyses of groundwaters from the Milli...Fig. 4.16 (a) Identification using a trilinear diagram and (b) mapping of th...Fig. 4.17 Graphical methods for exploring hydrochemical processes. The X–Y p...Fig. 4.18 Site plan showing points of solvent use and soil gas concentration...Fig. 4.19 Activity coefficient, γ, as a function of ionic strength for ...Fig. 4.20 Percentage distribution of inorganic carbon species in water as a ...Fig. 4.21 Dissolved species in water in equilibrium with calcite as a functi...Fig. 4.22 Map of the geology and groundwater level contours for the Jurassic...Fig. 4.23 Hydrochemical sections showing major and minor anion (a) and catio...Fig. 4.24 Cross‐plots of calcite saturation index versus dolomite saturation...Fig. 4.25 Schematic representation of the development of open‐ and closed‐sy...Fig. 4.26 Chemical evolution paths for water dissolving calcite at 15 °C for...Fig. 4.27 Graphical representation of the modelled open‐ and closed‐system c...Fig. 4.28 Pictorial representation of (a) adsorption and (b) cation exchange...Fig. 4.29 Hydrogeochemical trends in the Lincolnshire Limestone for Ca²⁺, MgFig. 4.30 The central area of a Piper diagram showing the distribution of hy...Fig. 4.31 Spatial distribution of hydrochemical water types defined in Fig. ...Fig. 4.32 Stability diagram showing fields of solid and dissolved forms of F...Fig. 4.33 Variation in the concentration of the major dissolved species affe...Fig. 4.34 Downgradient hydrogeological and hydrochemical cross‐section of th...Fig. 4.35 Stability diagram showing fields of dissolved and gaseous forms of...Fig. 4.36 Depth profiles of groundwater pH, , and Fe for multilevel obser...Fig. 4.37 Depth profile of pyrite and organic matter content in the unconsol...Fig. 4.38 The Goldich weathering sequence based on observations of the seque...Fig. 4.39 Stability relations for gibbsite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, musc...Fig. 4.40 Map showing the location and solid geology of the Carnmenellis Gra...Fig. 4.41 Conceptual cross‐section through the Carnmenellis Granite showing ...

      5 Chapter 5Fig. 5.1 The δ²H versus δ¹⁸O relationship for Western and Central...Fig. 5.2 Contour maps of δ¹⁸O and δ²H in recent (i.e. within the ...Fig. 5.3 Record of monthly precipitation amount and composite δ¹⁸O valu...Fig. 5.4 Schematic cross‐section showing a conceptual model of the extent an...Fig. 5.5 (a) Hydrogeological cross‐section of bedrock aquifers of Estonia sh...Fig. 5.6 Cross‐plot of δ²H versus δ¹⁸O for groundwaters in souther...Fig. 5.7 Diagram illustrating the possible isotopic shifts from the WMWL on ...Fig. 5.8 Summary of the ranges of δ¹⁵N values of nitrate for commonly o...Fig. 5.9 (a) The variation in δ¹⁵N composition of groundwater nitrate f...Fig. 5.10 Sulphur isotope values (δ³⁴S) for various sources of sulphur ...Fig. 5.11 (a) Variation in δ³⁴S composition of dissolved sulphate from ...Fig. 5.12 (a) Numbered sampling sites and the distribution of basic hydroche...Fig. 5.13 Variations in mean monthly tritium concentrations in precipitation...Fig. 5.14 Sequential profiles of (a) tritium and (b) in the unsaturated zo...Fig. 5.15 Hydrogeological section of the Linsental aquifer, north‐east Switz...Fig. 5.16 Noble gas palaeotemperature records for (a) the East Midlands Tria...Fig. 5.17 Conceptual hydrochemical model of the Bornheim fault indicating su...

      6 Chapter 6Fig. 6.1 Diagram illustrating the inputs, flowpaths and outputs within a riv...Fig. 6.2 The copper 5‐inch standard rain gauge used by the UK Meteorological...Fig. 6.3 Calculation of area‐weighted average rainfall amount using the meth...Fig. 6.4 Mean annual rainfall over the United Kingdom, 1961–1990, compiled b...Fig. 6.5 Sketch of the occurrence of water within unsaturated material showi...Fig. 6.6 Methods for the measurement of the physical properties of soils: (a...Fig. 6.7 Field soil moisture monitoring station with an installed capacitanc...Fig. 6.8 Single‐value characteristic curves showing the relationship of (a) ...Fig. 6.9 Soil characteristic curves showing the variation of volumetric mois...Fig. 6.10 Hypothetical depth profiles of (a) volumetric moisture content, θ...Fig. 6.11 Schematic diagram of the Horton curve showing a decrease in infilt...Fig. 6.12 Map showing expansion of saturated areas during a single rainstorm...Fig. 6.13 Schematic diagram showing the distribution of infiltrating soil mo...Fig. 6.14 Borehole hydrograph record representing the change in aquifer stor...Fig. 6.15 Drying curve for a vegetated soil of short‐rooted grass with a roo...Fig. 6.16 Chemical and isotopic profiles of water in the unsaturated zone of...Fig. 6.17 In (a) isotherms in an idealized cross‐section through the subsurf...Fig. 6.18 Plot of temperature‐depth data presented in Table 6.7 for Well #1 ...Fig. 6.19 The parameters needed to apply the analytical solution technique t...Fig. 6.20 Normalized temperatures from Well #1 and Well #2 plotted against n...Fig. 6.21 (a) Measured 1978 temperature–depth (TD) profiles for three sites ...Fig. 6.22 Design of two types of current meter for measuring stream discharg...Fig. 6.23 Standard sectional method for calculating stream discharge using r...Fig. 6.24 Details of a StreamPro ADCP assembly on a catamaran with tow rope ...Fig. 6.25 A rating curve to convert measurements of depth of flow (stage or ...Fig. 6.26 Surface water slope variation during the passage of a flood wave. ...Fig. 6.27 The steady‐state or constant rate injection dilution gauging metho...Fig. 6.28 The slug injection dilution gauging method of stream discharge mea...Fig. 6.29 Examples of: (a) thin plate weir (rectangular notch weir) and (b) ...Fig. 6.30 Marham gauging station on the River Nar, Norfolk, England (NGR TF ...Fig. 6.31 Components of total catchment runoff contributing to streamflow. I...Fig. 6.32 Flow duration curves for permeable and impermeable catchments. Not...Fig. 6.33 Hydrograph of daily gauged flows during 2001 for Costessey Mill on...Fig. 6.34 Derivation of a master depletion curve by hydrograph analysis. Fir...Fig. 6.35 Derivation of a unit hydrograph for an effective rainfall duration...Fig. 6.36 Construction of a unit hydrograph for a longer rainfall duration (...Fig. 6.37 Three hydrogeological situations that represent flow between an aq...Fig. 6.38 Cross‐sections to illustrate the impacts of groundwater abstractio...Fig. 6.39 The history of Chalk groundwater abstractions in the River Ver cat...Fig. 6.40 (a) Qualitative sketch showing the difference in vertical temperat...Fig. 6.41 Cross‐section, drawn perpendicular to the river, showing the ideal...Fig. 6.42 Type curves to determine the rate and volume of stream depletion b...Fig. 6.43 Schematic diagram showing the type of lumped calculations performe...Fig. 6.44 Catchment resource model results illustrating the predicted effect...

      7 Chapter 7Fig. 7.1 Design of a water level dipper showing (a) the general assembly and...Fig. 7.2 Water level dipper in use at a groundwater observation borehole.Fig. 7.3 General designs of (a) well, (b) observation borehole and (c) piezo...Fig. 7.4 Borehole hydrograph records (1974–1977) for the Chalk aquifer in so...Fig. 7.5 Diagram showing the change in aquifer stress conditions caused by a...Fig. 7.6 Relationship between groundwater level fluctuation and atmospheric ...Fig. 7.7 Groundwater hydrograph for Bexar County Index Well J‐17 in the conf...Fig. 7.8 Barometric efficiency, B, in the BAS determined from the inverse re...Fig. 7.9 Graphical construction method for determining the direction of grou...Fig. 7.10 Hvorslev piezometer test showing (a) the piezometer geometry and (...Fig. 7.11 Monitoring groundwater drawdown in an observation borehole using a...Fig. 7.12 (a) Suggested cruciform borehole array and (b) diagrammatic repres...Fig. 7.13 Nomenclature and set‐up of radial flow to (a) a well penetrating a...Fig. 7.14 The non‐equilibrium type curve (Theis curve) for a fully confined ...Fig. 7.15 Diagram showing the Cooper–Jacob semi‐logarithmic plot of drawdown...Fig. 7.16 Geological log and impeller flow log for the Woolhampton river reg...Fig. 7.17 Diagram showing the match point found from the overlay of a type c...Fig. 7.18 Diagram showing the semi‐logarithmic plot of residual drawdown, s′...Fig. 7.19 Cross‐section