of groundwater flow direction and hydraulic head gra...
Fig. 2.22 Sketch map of the surface of the water table in an unconfined aqui...Fig. 2.23 Simple rules for flow net construction for the cases of (a) an imp...Fig. 2.24 Flow net constructed for groundwater flow beneath a dam in a homog...Fig. 2.25 In (a) the hydraulic conductivity ellipse for a homogeneous, aniso...Fig. 2.26 Refraction of groundwater flow lines at a geological boundary.Fig. 2.27 Refraction of groundwater flow lines across a layered aquifer syst...Fig. 2.28 Map of the potentiometric surface of the Chalk aquifer underlying ...Fig. 2.29 Cross‐section showing four types of groundwater conditions. A wate...Fig. 2.30 Perched and inverted water table conditions developed within a san...Fig. 2.31 Schematic geological section across the London Basin. The vertical...Fig. 2.32 Maps of the Chalk potentiometric surface in London showing groundw...Fig. 2.33 Variation in groundwater level at Trafalgar Square (borehole TQ28/...Fig. 2.34 Schematic hydrogeological cross‐section of the Qu’Appelle Valley a...Fig. 2.35 Block diagram showing the final stage of evolution of tributary va...Fig. 2.36 Schematic representation of storativity in (a) a confined aquifer ...Fig. 2.37 Total stress, effective stress and fluid pressure at the top of a ...Fig. 2.38 Conceptual model of the hydrogeology of the Central Valley of Cali...Fig. 2.39 Map showing land subsidence in the Central Valley of California (W...Fig. 2.40 Volumes of land subsidence in the major subsiding areas of the San...Fig. 2.41 Monthly groundwater storage anomalies (mm) for the Sacramento and ...Fig. 2.42 Hydrogeological cross‐section showing the multi‐layered aquifer sy...Fig. 2.43 (a) Average groundwater level for the Tehran Plain between 1984 an...Fig. 2.44 Unit volume (elemental control volume) for flow through porous mat...Fig. 2.45 Definition sketch of steady flow through a uniform thickness, homo...Fig. 2.46 Definition sketch of steady flow through a uniform thickness, homo...Fig. 2.47 Definition sketch of steady flow in a homogeneous unconfined aquif...Fig. 2.48 Definition sketch of steady flow to two parallel streams from a ho...Fig. 2.49 Groundwater flow net for a two‐dimensional vertical cross‐section ...Fig. 2.50 Diagram showing the influence of hummocky topography in producing ...Fig. 2.51 Schematic cross‐section of the Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer in e...Fig. 2.52 Map of the location and extent of the Great Artesian Basin, Austra...Fig. 2.53 Map showing lateral extent of hydrogeological units forming the Gr...Fig. 2.54 Simplified cross‐section of the Great Artesian Basin showing the p...Fig. 2.55 Map showing areas of recharge and natural spring discharge togethe...Fig. 2.56 Types of springs (Ford and Williams 1989).Fig. 2.57 (a) Geological section at Gale Common, South Yorkshire showing a s...Fig. 2.58 The overflow of thermal spring water adjacent to the King’s Bath s...Fig. 2.59 The King’s Spring (or Sacred Spring) emerging into the King’s Bath...Fig. 2.60 Conceptual model for the origin of the Bath thermal springs. The n...Fig. 2.61 (a) Hydrogeological map of the north‐east of Salisbury Plain showi...Fig. 2.62 Schematic illustration of a transboundary aquifer (Puri et al. 200...Fig. 2.63 Map of (a) outcrop and (b) cross‐section of the Guarani Aquifer Sy...Fig. 2.64 Schematic diagram of the processes associated with submarine groun...Fig. 2.65 Location maps of: (a) Ireland; and (b) bay areas with submarine gr...Fig. 2.66 Routes of groundwater tracer inputs in the vicinity of Kinvara Bay...Fig. 2.67 Conceptual hydrological model of submarine groundwater discharge t...Fig. 2.68 Hydrogeological map of the United Kingdom showing the location of ...Fig. 2.69 Geological map of Britain and Ireland (Geological Museum 1978)....Fig. 2.70 Site of a groundwater source developed in alluvial deposits in the...Fig. 2.71 Cretaceous Chalk outcrop at Hunstanton in north‐west Norfolk. Unus...Fig. 2.72 The Lincolnshire Limestone at Clipsham Quarry, Lincolnshire. In th...Fig. 2.73 An exposed joint surface on a block of Lincolnshire Limestone show...Fig. 2.74 Exposure of Triassic Sherwood Sandstone (Otter Sandstone Formation...Fig. 2.75 Silurian shales at outcrop in the Rheidol Valley, west Wales showi...
3 Chapter 3Fig. 3.1 Variation of porosity with depth in predominantly sand‐rich sedimen...Fig. 3.2 A plot of the porosity‐depth data presented in Table 3.1.Fig. 3.3 Fluid pressure in a pore network will follow a hydrostatic trend wh...Fig. 3.4 (a) Groundwater circulation pattern in an actively subsiding sedime...Fig. 3.5 Outline of the shape and size of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary bas...Fig. 3.6 Pore pressure variation with depth as observed in six wells in the ...Fig. 3.7 (a) The current distribution of overpressure in the Gulf of Mexico ...Fig. 3.8 In this diagram, by assuming a Rayleigh number (Ra) for the onset o...Fig. 3.9 Locations of (a) the Great Basin; and (b) Borax Lake (Fairley and H...Fig. 3.10 (a) Location and (b) interpolated (simulated) near‐surface tempera...Fig. 3.11 (a) Set-up and boundary conditions of a numerical model describing...Fig. 3.12 Diagram showing the stages of development of saline groundwater in...Fig. 3.13 In this diagram, salinity distributions in aquifers on the contine...Fig. 3.14 Graph showing depth versus salinity relationships for three sedime...Fig. 3.15 Diagram showing the schematic evolution of the Western Canada Sedi...Fig. 3.16 Location map of the Williston Basin showing the Devonian limestone...Fig. 3.17 Conceptual hydrogeological cross‐section depicting: (a) the presen...Fig. 3.18 (a) Plot of groundwater oxygen‐isotope ratios and salinity (total ...Fig. 3.19 Diagram showing the hydrogeology of ice‐sheet margins. Englacial p...
4 Chapter 4Fig. 4.1 The structure of the water molecule showing the dipole created by t...Fig. 4.2 Water molecules surrounding a positively charged cation and a negat...Fig. 4.3 Location of 14 British spas referenced in Table 4.4 (Mather 2013)....Fig. 4.4 The former Robert Cain Brewery,
