A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, 2 Volume Set. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: История
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119071655
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rel="nofollow" href="#fb3_img_img_3146d958-3327-5773-aba8-6b83fde1fecd.jpg" alt="Photo depicts bulla and seal impression from Daskyleion."/> Photo depicts bulla and seal impression from Daskyleion.

      Figure 21.5 Bulla and seal impression from Daskyleion. DS 172 on Erg. 367 (Deniz Kaptan).

Photo depicts bulla and seal impression from Daskyleion.

      Recent research in the area has systematically focused on settlement patterns, land use, and spatial organization, and mapped out the locations of burials and possible locations of the estates/farms/çiftliks. The survey team of the Granikos River Valley Project documented a number of sites in the area between the Kocabaş Çayı/Granikos River and Gönen Çayı/Aisepos River (Rose et al. 2007). The surface pottery shows a gap between the end of the Classical/the Achaemenid period and the Roman period, suggesting a significant change in the occupation pattern and land use by the end of Achaemenid rule. As the economy was not controlled by satrapal centers and protection was no longer available in the countryside, the estates appear to have disintegrated and people moved to the newly established Hellenistic cities.

      A small regional center was located at Seyitömer Höyük, about 25 km to the north of Kütahya. This is a strongly fortified settlement mound dating back to the early Bronze Age. The Achaemenid period levels yielded import Attic pottery, local adaptations of Achaemenid bowls in pottery, and a small group of bullae (Kaptan 2010; Coşkun 2015; Grave et al. 2016). The archeological contexts of some of the bullae associate them with a relatively large structure on the mound where subterranean silos for storage were also excavated. The settlement was conveniently located close to the intersection of an ancient route that was clearly in use in the Achaemenid communication network. There are two gaps in its occupation history, one between the end of the Middle Bronze Age and the early fifth century BCE, and the second toward the end of the fourth century BCE and the early Hellenistic period, indicating an evident resettlement during the Achaemenid period, most probably for its convenient location for the collection and distribution of revenues. Overall, the architecture and the bullae suggest the presence of a regional warehouse, located on a key point in the road system that connected northwestern Asia Minor to the inland and coastal areas.

      Several rock‐cut tombs in Paphlagonia, some decorated with reliefs, present a variety of types (von Gall 1966; Summerer and von Kienlin 2010). Their precise dating is difficult. Based on similarities to Achaemenid types, the bulls, lions, and winged creatures on the reliefs, as well as animal protomes used as column capitals, the tombs with temple‐like façades at Kalekapı in the province of Kastamonu, and Direklikaya near Salarköy/Boyabat probably date from the Achaemenid period if not early Hellenistic with prolonged Achaemenid characteristics. Notable also are a few finds from Oluz Höyük, a settlement mound near Amasya; e.g. pottery bowls with offset carinated rims and Achaemenid period seals (Dönmez 2015, figs. 15–16, 28). Currently, several regional surveys have been mapping out the settlement and land use in this long‐neglected area, one specifically focusing on the Achaemenid period (Johnson 2010).

      In the Phrygian highland, the architectural remains at Midas City point to the presence of a prosperous town (Haspels 1971: pp. 139–146). The tumbled fragments of the monumental reliefs of a rock‐cut tomb, Yılan Taş at Köhnüş valley, impressively show the visual aspects of intricate military identities of the elite during the Achaemenid period (Draycott 2010: pp. 17–19; Haspels 1971: pp. 129–137; Akurgal 1961: p. 306, Figure 19).

      The preliminary reports of a recently launched project at Ovaören‐Yassıhöyük reveal the presence of a significant settlement in Cappadocia (S¸enyurt 2014: pp. 101, 106).