40 40. FAO, WHO, UNU. Energy and protein requirements. Rep Joint Exp Consult 1985; 724:71–113.
41 41. Campbell WW, Crim MC, Dallal GE, Young VR, Evans WJ. Increased protein requirements in elderly people: new data and retrospective reassessments. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60(4):501–9.
42 42. Campbell WW, Evans WJ. Protein requirements of elderly people. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50 Suppl 1:S180–3; discussion S3–5.
43 43. Millward DJ. Optimal intakes of protein in the human diet. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58(2):403–13.
44 44. Millward DJ, Fereday A, Gibson N, Pacy PJ. Aging, protein requirements, and protein turnover. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66(4):774–86.
45 45. Ferrando AA, Paddon‐Jones D, Hays NP, Kortebein P, Ronsen O, Williams RH, McComb A, Symons TB, Wolfe RR, Evans W. EAA supplementation to increase nitrogen intake improves muscle function during bed rest in the elderly. Clin Nutr 2010; 29(1):18–23.
46 46. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz‐Jentoft AJ, Morley JE, Phillips S, Sieber C, Stehle P, Teta D, et al. Evidence‐based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT‐AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013; 14(8):542–59.
47 47. Deutz NE, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosy‐Westphal A, Cederholm T, Cruz‐Jentoft A, Krznaric Z, Nair KS, et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr 2014; 33(6):929–36.
48 48. Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, Harris TB, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB, Lee JS, Sahyoun NR, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community‐dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87(1):150–5.
49 49. Castaneda C, Charnley JM, Evans WJ, Crim MC. Elderly women accommodate to a low‐protein diet with losses of body cell mass, muscle function, and immune response. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62(1):30–9.
50 50. English KL, Paddon‐Jones D. Protecting muscle mass and function in older adults during bed rest. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13(1):34–9.
51 51. Gaillard C, Alix E, Boirie Y, Berrut G, Ritz P. Are elderly hospitalized patients getting enough protein? J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56(6):1045–9.
52 52. Pannemans DL, Halliday D, Westerterp KR. Whole‐body protein turnover in elderly men and women: responses to two protein intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61(1):33–8.
53 53. Castaneda C, Dolnikowski GG, Dallal GE, Evans WJ, Crim MC. Protein turnover and energy metabolism of elderly women fed a low‐protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 62(1):40–8.
54 54. Thalacker‐Mercer AE, Fleet JC, Craig BA, Carnell NS, Campbell WW. Inadequate protein intake affects skeletal muscle transcript profiles in older humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(5):1344–52.
55 55. Walrand S, Short KR, Bigelow ML, Sweatt AJ, Hutson SM, Nair KS. Functional impact of high protein intake on healthy elderly people. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295(4):E921–8.
56 56. Rudman D, DiFulco TJ, Galambos JT, Smith RB, 3rd, Salam AA, Warren WD. Maximal rates of excretion and synthesis of urea in normal and cirrhotic subjects. J Clin Invest 1973; 52(9):2241–9.
57 57. Groupe, de travail AFSSA. Apport en protéines: consommation, qualité, besoin et recommandations. 2007.
58 58. Loenneke JP, Loprinzi PD, Murphy CH, Phillips SM. Per meal dose and frequency of protein consumption is associated with lean mass and muscle performance. Clin Nutr 2016; 35(6):1506–11.
59 59. Farsijani S, Morais JA, Payette H, Gaudreau P, Shatenstein B, Gray‐Donald K, Chevalier S. Relation between mealtime distribution of protein intake and lean mass loss in free‐living older adults of the NuAge study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104(3):694–703.
60 60. Pannemans DL, Wagenmakers AJ, Westerterp KR, Schaafsma G, Halliday D. Effect of protein source and quantity on protein metabolism in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68(6):1228–35.
61 61. Luiking YC, Engelen MP, Soeters PB, Boirie Y, Deutz NE. Differential metabolic effects of casein and soy protein meals on skeletal muscle in healthy volunteers. Clin Nutr 2011; 30(1):65–72.
62 62. Berrazaga I, Micard V, Gueugneau M, Walrand S. The role of the anabolic properties of plant‐ versus animal‐based protein sources in supporting muscle mass maintenance: a critical review. Nutrients 2019; 11(8):1825.
63 63. Mitchell CJ, Della Gatta PA, Petersen AC, Cameron‐Smith D, Markworth JF. Soy protein ingestion results in less prolonged p70S6 kinase phosphorylation compared to whey protein after resistance exercise in older men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:6.
64 64. Yang Y, Churchward‐Venne TA, Burd NA, Breen L, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9(1):57.
65 65. Gorissen SH, Horstman AM, Franssen R, Crombag JJ, Langer H, Bierau J, Respondek F, van Loon LJ. Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo; muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial. J Nutr 2016; 146(9):1651–9.
66 66. Dangin M, Guillet C, Garcia‐Rodenas C, Gachon P, Bouteloup‐Demange C, Reiffers‐Magnani K, Fauquant J, Ballevre O, Beaufrere B. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J Physiol 2003; 549(Pt 2):635–44.
67 67. Gryson C, Walrand S, Giraudet C, Rousset P, Migne C, Bonhomme C, Le Ruyet P, Boirie Y. “Fast proteins” with a unique essential amino acid content as an optimal nutrition in the elderly: growing evidence. Clin Nutr 2014; 33(4):642–8.
68 68. Paddon‐Jones D, Sheffield‐Moore M, Katsanos CS, Zhang XJ, Wolfe RR. Differential stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in elderly humans following isocaloric ingestion of amino acids or whey protein. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41(2):215–9.
69 69. Pennings B, Boirie Y, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, Kuipers H, van Loon LJ. Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93(5):997–1005.
70 70. Walrand S, Gryson C, Salles J, Giraudet C, Migne C, Bonhomme C, Le Ruyet P, Boirie Y. Fast‐digestive protein supplement for ten days overcomes muscle anabolic resistance in healthy elderly men. Clin Nutr 2016; 35(3):660–8.
71 71. Chanet A, Verlaan S, Salles J, Giraudet C, Patrac V, Pidou V, Pouyet C, Hafnaoui N, Blot A, Cano N, et al. Supplementing breakfast with a vitamin D and leucine‐enriched whey protein medical nutrition drink enhances postprandial muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass in healthy older men. J Nutr 2017; 147(12):2262–71.
72 72. Lafoux A, Baudry C, Bonhomme C, Le Ruyet P, Huchet C. Soluble milk protein supplementation with moderate physical activity improves locomotion function in aging rats. PLoS One 2016; 11(12):e0167707.
73 73. Gryson C, Ratel S, Rance M, Penando S, Bonhomme C, Le Ruyet P, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Walrand S. Four‐month course of soluble milk proteins interacts with exercise to improve muscle strength and delay fatigue in elderly participants. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15(12):958 e1–9.
74 74. Chale A, Cloutier GJ, Hau C, Phillips EM, Dallal GE, Fielding RA. Efficacy of whey protein supplementation on resistance exercise‐induced changes in lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function in mobility‐limited older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68(6):682–90.
75 75. Remond D, Machebeuf M, Yven C, Buffiere C, Mioche L, Mosoni L, Patureau MP. Postprandial whole‐body protein metabolism after a meat meal is influenced by chewing efficiency in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(5):1286–92.
76 76. Arnal MA, Mosoni L, Boirie Y, Gachon P, Genest M, Bayle G, Grizard J, Arnal M, Antoine JM, Beaufrere B, et al. Protein turnover modifications induced by the protein feeding pattern still persist after the end of the diets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278(5):E902–9.
77 77. Arnal MA, Mosoni L, Dardevet D, Ribeyre MC, Bayle G, Prugnaud J, Patureau