6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Schematic of reconfigurable pixel antenna consisting of a stacked...Figure 6.2 (a) Layers reconfigurable antenna and (b) photo of the fabricated...Figure 6.3 (a) Frequency‐agile cells consisting of two halves of a patch, bi...Figure 6.4 Measured directivity versus frequency for different values of dio...Figure 6.5 (a) Microstrip antenna on EBG structure, (b) EBGs are connected t...Figure 6.6 Pixel antennas with reduced number of switches and nonuniform pat...Figure 6.7 Realized gain for different beam angles at −60°, −30°, 0°, 30°, a...Figure 6.8 Realized gain for omnidirectional configurations at different fre...Figure 6.9 (a) Schematic of patch‐driven superstrate pixel antenna and (b) r...Figure 6.10 A sample antenna used to study the effect of pixel size on the c...Figure 6.11 Effect of pixel size on the sample antenna resonance frequency, ...Figure 6.12 (a) Simulated reflection coefficient for two modes in multimode ...Figure 6.13 (a, b) Mapping of the pixels for multimode operation; (c, d) the...Figure 6.14 (a) Fabricated 9 × 9 pixel antenna and (b) setup of antenna patt...Figure 6.15 Simulated (gray) and measured (black) radiation patterns in (a, ...Figure 6.16 (a) Liquid metal polarization and pattern reconfigurable dipole ...Figure 6.17 (a–e) Different states of the dipole antenna and its patterns an...Figure 6.18 (a) Baseline antenna with copper arms, (b) pixel antenna, (c) to...Figure 6.19 The layout of the pixel in the “OFF” state: (a) top and (b) bott...Figure 6.20 Actuation circuit (a) layout, (b) fabricated, (c) side view when...Figure 6.21 (a) Use of electromagnet and (b) permanent magnet used for recon...Figure 6.22 The fabrication process of the magnetic substrate: (a) FR‐4 supp...Figure 6.23 Simulated and measured radiation patterns: (a) unbiased state, (...Figure 6.24 Frequency of the circular patch due to the applied magnetic bias...Figure 6.25 (a) Schematic of ferrite‐loaded SIW antenna; (b) top side of fab...Figure 6.26 Reflected coefficient: (a) simulated and measured at zero biasin...Figure 6.27 Normalized radiation patterns with and without application of th...Figure 6.28 (a) Schematic of ferrite‐loaded dual‐band SIW antenna; (b) front...Figure 6.29 Measured reflection coefficients of cross‐slot ferrite‐loaded SI...Figure 6.30 (a) The geometry of dual‐band metamaterial‐inspired antenna and ...Figure 6.31 Simulated and measured S11 for the metamaterial‐inspired dual‐ba...Figure 6.32 (a) Asymmetry in the E‐field across the CPW slots and lateral sl...Figure 6.33 Fabricated monopole antenna.Figure 6.34 Simulation results showing the changes in S11 by changing the va...Figure 6.35 Experimental results showing S11 variation due to different bias...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Antenna in the SISO and MIMO configuration.Figure 7.2 Multiple antenna system.Figure 7.3 Decoupling technique for isolation improvement.Figure 7.4 Reconfigured decoupling network with MIMO antennas.Figure 7.5 Antenna using reconfigurable neutralization line (a) structure an...Figure 7.6 Reconfigurable antenna with artificial material loading.Figure 7.7 Reconfigurable antenna for 5G communication system.Figure 7.8 Radiation patterns of the reconfigurable antenna.Figure 7.9 A pattern reconfigurable antenna using multiple shorting posts....Figure 7.10 Pattern reconfigurable antenna with modified feeding network....Figure 7.11 Effect of distance on correlation.Figure 7.12 Biconical antenna (a) topology and (b) envelope correlation for ...Figure 7.13 Spiral antenna (a) design and (b) radiation pattern.Figure 7.14 Patch antenna with PET switch.Figure 7.15 A reconfigurable polarization antenna.Figure 7.16 Quad‐polarization state antenna.Figure 7.17 Alford loop antenna for polarization diversity.Figure 7.18 Oriol antenna.Figure 7.19 MIMO‐OFDM system.Figure 7.20 E‐shaped circularly polarization reconfigurable antenna.Figure 7.21 Reconfigurable antenna for indoor wireless communications.Figure 7.22 Four‐element MIMO antenna with reconfigurable lower band.Figure 7.23 Simulated and measured S‐parameters (simulated: dash, measured: ...Figure 7.24 Synchronized frequency response of Antenna #1 and Antenna #2....Figure 7.25 Computed ECCs of reconfigurable MIMO antennas.Figure 7.26 Radiation pattern of antennas in azimuthal plane at (a) 830 MHz,...Figure 7.27 Computed (a) MEG and (b) MEG ratio for Antenna #1 and Antenna #2...Figure 7.28 Measured TARC of reconfigurable antennas in LTE band.Figure 7.29 MIMO antenna system for CR: (a) top view and (b) bottom view....Figure 7.30 Scattering behavior of the reconfigurable antenna.Figure 7.31 2‐D radiation pattern of antenna (a) #2 and (b) #3 at 800 MHz....Figure 7.32 Measured correlation pattern of reconfigurable antennas at 900 M...Figure 7.33 MIMO antenna with its matching network (Unit in mm).Figure 7.34 The antenna in (a) free space and (b) data mode.Figure 7.35 ECC of antenna with different configurations.Figure 7.36 A part of the frequency reconfigurable slot antenna showing diff...Figure 7.37 Reconfigurable modified PIFA radiating elements (Antenna #1 [top...Figure 7.38 Measured reflection coefficient magnitude of the four‐element MI...Figure 7.39 Measured 3D radiation patterns of the antennas at 780 and 1710 M...Figure 7.40 Common radiator MIMO antenna [62].Figure 7.41 S‐parameters of the common radiator antenna: (a) reflection coef...Figure 7.42 ECC of the four‐port antenna.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Classification of MIMO technique.Figure 8.2 Multifunctional MIMO system block diagram.Figure 8.3 Frequency reconfigurable circular patch antenna.Figure 8.4 Frequency reconfigurable circular patch multifunctional antenna....Figure 8.5 Schematic of the use of MIMO in near‐field imaging radar.Figure 8.6 MIMO‐based (a) radar and (b) radar target and its image.Figure 8.7 Far‐field radar (a) target and (b) its image.Figure 8.8 Flow chart of phased MIMO radar.Figure 8.9 Schematic of (a) transmit mode and (b) receive mode.Figure 8.10 Antenna (a) configuration and (b) radiation pattern at 2.45 and ...Figure 8.11 Sensing antenna in MIMO (a) topology and (b) S‐parameter respons...Figure 8.12 Series‐fed (a) microstrip patch array and (b) its beamforming ca...Figure 8.13 Digital beamforming architecture for a receiver system.Figure 8.14 Cavity‐backed (a) dipole, (b) cavity, (c) dipole, and (d) balun....Figure 8.15 Impedance matching of cavity‐backed cross dipole antenna.Figure 8.16 Cavity‐backed dipole antenna: (a) top and (b) bottom view with S...Figure 8.17 Active S‐parameter of 4 × 4 antenna array.Figure 8.18 Beamforming of 16 × 16 dipole array at 5.3 GHz.Figure 8.19 Multi‐beam capability of 16 × 16 dipole array.Figure 8.20 Dielectric lens for MIMO applications.Figure 8.21 Uplink MIMO system with multibeam antenna.Figure 8.22 Analog beamforming technique.Figure 8.23 Typical multiple beamforming antenna architecture.Figure 8.24 Architecture of 3DFMCW MIMO radar.Figure 8.25 FMCW MIMO radar.Figure 8.26 MIMO antenna for medical application.Figure 8.27 Implanted MIMO antenna in the tissue.Figure 8.28 Measurement setup for indigestible MIMO antenna.Figure 8.29 Ex‐vivo measurement of implementable antenna.Figure 8.30 UWB MIMO for medical applications.Figure 8.31 Wearable MIMO antenna: (a) structure and (b) S‐parameter respons...Figure 8.32 Indigestible MIMO antenna: (a) conformed and (b) planar views....Figure 8.33 Placement of indigestible capsule in human body.Figure 8.34 Measured performance of indigestible antenna.Figure 8.35 Application of reconfigurable antenna in body‐centric wireless c...Figure 8.36 Polarization reconfigurable antenna (a) in human tissue and (b) ...Figure 8.37 Frequency and polarization reconfigurable wearable antenna.Figure 8.38 Flexible reconfigurable MIMO antenna.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Geometry of the proposed reconfigurable composite right/left‐...Figure 9.2 Measured and simulated S11 of the reconfigurable composite right/...Figure 9.3 A microstrip patch antenna partially filled with a CRLH‐TL struct...Figure 9.4 Topology of the microstrip patch antenna partially filled with a ...Figure 9.5 Fabricated prototype of the microstrip patch antenna partially fi...Figure 9.6 Reflection coefficient plots of the microstrip patch antenna part...Figure 9.7 Normalized radiation patterns of the microstrip patch antenna par...Figure 9.8 Topology of the polarization reconfigurable antenna using the pol...Figure 9.9 Photographs of the fabricated polarization‐reconfigurable PRAMC s...Figure 9.10 Measured reflection coefficients of the polarization‐reconfigura...Figure 9.11 Measured ARs and gains of the proposed reconfigurable antenna fo...Figure 9.12 Geometry of the OAM reconfigurable metasurface array antenna: (a...Figure 9.13 Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the OAM reconf...Figure 9.14 Simulated and measured gains of the OAM reconfigurable metasurfa...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Eight‐element array for 5G MIMO operation in a smartphone, inclu...Figure 10.2 E‐field and surface current distribution of the L‐shaped monopol...Figure 10.3 Surface current distribution in C‐shaped coupled‐fed antenna....Figure 10.4 Simulated S‐parameters of the dual polarized eight‐element MIMO ...Figure 10.5 Efficiencies of the antennas: (a) C‐shaped coupled‐fed antennas ...Figure 10.6 ECC of C‐shaped coupled‐fed antennas (Ant 5–Ant 8) and L‐shaped ...Figure 10.7 Fabricated 10‐port