The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783. A. T. Mahan

Mutual dependence of seaports and fleets 329 CHAPTER IX. Course of Events from the Peace of Paris to 1778.—Maritime War Consequent upon the American Revolution.—Sea Battle off Ushant. French discontent with the Treaty of Paris 330 Revival of the French navy 331 Discipline among French naval officers of the time 332 Choiseul's foreign policy 333 Domestic troubles in Great Britain 334 Controversies with the North American colonies 334 Genoa cedes Corsica to France 334 Dispute between England and Spain about the Falkland Islands 335 Choiseul dismissed 336 Death of Louis XV. 336 Naval policy of Louis XVI. 337 Characteristics of the maritime war of 1778 338 Instructions of Louis XVI. to the French admirals 339 Strength of English navy 341 Characteristics of the military situation in America 341 The line of the Hudson 342 Burgoyne's expedition from Canada 343 Howe carries his army from New York to the Chesapeake 343 Surrender of Burgoyne, 1777 343 American privateering 344 Clandestine support of the Americans by France 345 Treaty between France and the Americans 346 Vital importance of the French fleet to the Americans 347 The military situation in the different quarters of the globe 347 Breach between France and England 350 Sailing of the British and French fleets 350 Battle of Ushant, 1778 351 Position of a naval commander-in-chief in battle 353 CHAPTER X. Maritime War in North America and West Indies, 1778–1781.—Its Influence upon the Course of the American Revolution.—Fleet Actions off Grenada, Dominica, and Chesapeake Bay. D'Estaing sails from Toulon for Delaware Bay, 1778 359 British ordered to evacuate Philadelphia 359 Rapidity of Lord Howe's movements 360 D'Estaing arrives too late 360 Follows Howe to New York 360 Fails to attack there and sails for Newport 361 Howe follows him there 362 Both fleets dispersed by a storm 362 D'Estaing takes his fleet to Boston 363 Howe's activity foils D'Estaing at all points 363 D'Estaing sails for the West Indies 365 The English seize Sta. Lucia 365 Ineffectual attempts of D'Estaing to dislodge them 366 D'Estaing captures Grenada 367 Naval battle of Grenada, 1779; English ships crippled 367 D'Estaing fails to improve his advantages 370 Reasons for his neglect 371 French naval policy 372 English operations in the Southern States 375 D'Estaing takes his fleet to Savannah 375 His fruitless assault on Savannah 376 D'Estaing returns to France 376 Fall of Charleston 376 De Guichen takes command in the West Indies 376 Rodney arrives to command English fleet 377 His military character 377 First action between Rodney and De Guichen, 1780 378 Breaking the line 380 Subsequent movements of Rodney and De Guichen