Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

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Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Техническая литература
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781118799499
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showing iso lines of the thermal expansion coefficient α20–300; base glass compositions reaching coefficient α20–300 = 4.0 ppm/K are highlighted; the further development strategy toward an industrial product is sketched in the upper right corner and indicated by the arrow.

Graphs depict the hydrolytic stability of different pure oxides in aqueous solution as a function of pH; the stability is given in terms of Gibbs energy of hydration ΔGhydr; negative values of ΔGhydr are plotted against pH to make the most stable cases appear at the bottom of the graphs.

      4.4 Chemical Durability

      Challenges for future development mainly deal with the extension of both thermochemical and thermophysical databases for glass‐forming systems. The usefulness of phase diagrams and of thermochemical calculations for glass development has been demonstrated. Yet, when it comes to the databases on which the calculations of phase diagrams rest, a severe lack of results for multicomponent melts relevant to the glass industry is felt. This situation is due to the fact that the extension of databases is chiefly driven by the financially potent metallurgical industry whose compositional focus distinctly differs from the needs of the glass industry. A reliable approach to liquidus temperatures, even for the conventional container, float, or fiber glass branches, would open doors for significant process improvements, resulting in enhanced sand dissolution upon melting, higher pull rates, energy saving, enhanced glass quality, and reduced loss of expensive glass contact materials like platinum.

      Whereas thermochemical data sets (standard enthalpies and entropies, CP polynomials) are available for about 6000 mineral substances, thermophysical standard data sets (including stiffness parameters, and their temperature coefficients) hardly exceed a number of a few hundreds only [26]. From such data, glass technologists might learn how the local atomic structure of a material in general influences the resulting mechanical properties. Thus, to date, the intense quest for stronger glasses rests on an extremely narrow scientific basis. The same is true for the adjustment of the thermal expansion coefficient of solder glasses and substrate glasses to contact materials with very high or very low thermal expansion coefficient (like copper, alumina, steel, or silica glass, low‐expansion glass ceramics, respectively).

      As stated above, as useful as the conventional oxide increment systems may be in the daily routine of industrial glass development, an approach to truly novel glass compositions with outstanding properties must be based on a deep understanding of the relation between chemical composition, structure, and properties. This is where the field of atomistic simulation should play a decisive role in a near future (cf. Chapters 2.7 and 2.8). The challenge for the coming decades thus consists in developing first‐principles tools suitable for industrial applications.

      1 1 Shakhmatkin, B.A., Vedishcheva, N.M., and Wright, A.C. (2001). Thermodynamic modeling of the structure of glasses and melts, single‐component, binary and ternary systems. J. Non‐Cryst. Solids 293–295: 312–317.

      2 2 Levin, E.M., Robin, C.R., McMurdie, H.F. et al. (eds.) (1964). Phase Diagrams for Ceramists, vol. I–XIV. Westerwille, OH: The American Ceramic Society. also available as: Phase Equilibria Diagrams, CD‐ROM Database 4.1.

      3 3 Mills, K.C. (1995). Viscosities of molten slags. In: Slag Atlas, 2e (ed. M. Allibert), 349–402. Düsseldorf: Verlag Stahleisen.

      4 4 Kubaschweski, O., Alcock, C.B., and Spencer, P.J. (1993). Materials Thermochemistry. London: Pergamon Press.

      5 5 Babushkin, V.I., Matveyev, G.M., and Mchedlov‐Petrossyan, O.P. (1985). Thermodynamics of Silicates. Berlin: Springer.

      6 6 Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S., and Fisher, J.R. (1978). Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (105 Pascals) Pressure and at Higher Temperatures, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, vol. 1452. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

      7 7 Barin, I., Knacke, O., and Kubaschewski, O. (1973 and 1977). Thermochemical Properties of Inorganic Substance. Berlin: Springer.

      8 8 Chase, M.W. Jr., Davies, C.A., Downey, J.R. Jr. et al. (1986). JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3e, vol. 2 vols. New York: American Institute of Physics.

      9 9 Conradt, R. (2008). The industrial glass melting process. In: The SGTE Casebook. Thermodynamics at Work (ed. K. Hack), 282–303. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

      10 10 Eitel, W., Pirani, M., and Scheel, K. (1932). Glastechnische Tabellen. Berlin: Springer.

      11 11 Morey, G.W. (1938). The Properties of Glass. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.

      12 12 Mazurin, C.V., Streltsina, M.V., and Shvaiko‐Shvaikovskaya, T.P. (1983). Handbook of Glass Data. Pt. A: Silica Glass and Binary Silicate Glasses. Pt. B: Single‐Component and Binary Non‐silicate Oxide Glasses. Pt. C: Ternary Silicate Glasses. Pt. D: Ternary Non‐silicate Glasses. Pt. E: Single‐Component, Binary, and Ternary Oxide Glasses. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Engl. tr. 1983–93.

      13 13 Bansal, N.P. and Doremus, R.H. (1986). Handbook of Glass Properties. New York: Academic Press.

      14 14 Pye, D.L. (2005). Properties of Glass‐Forming Melts (eds. A. Montenaro and I. Joseph). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

      15 15 Scholze, H. (1990). Glass. Nature, Structure, and Properties. Berlin: Springer.

      16 16 Volf, M.B. (1988). Mathematical Approach to Glass. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

      17 17 Volf, M.B. (1984). Chemical Approach to Glass. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

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