77 Chapter 7.11Figure 1 Code 9606 glass‐ceramic, containing cordierite as main crystalline ...Figure 2 The two limiting case of crystal growth in glass [6]. Top: homogene...Figure 3 Crystal nucleation and growth in a lithium aluminosilicate glass as...Figure 4 Diversity of microstructures in terms of crystal sizes and shapes o...Figure 5 Projection along the c axes of the crystal structures of β‐quartz (...Figure 6 Examples of Eurokera products made from glass‐ceramics containing a...Figure 7 Relative transparency of glass‐ceramics produced by Eurokera as ind...Figure 8 Sketch of the machinable glass Fotoform and machinable glass‐cerami...Figure 9 Examples of pieces produced from machinable Macor glass‐ceramic (Co...
78 Section VIIIFigure 1 The astonishing shaping versatility of biogenic amorphous silica: t...
79 Chapter 8.1Figure 1 The extreme morphological variety of diatom frustules and the speci...Figure 2 Haeckel's drawings of radiolarites as a source of architectural ins...Figure 3 The Venus flower basket of the Euplectella aspergillumsponge[8]. Si...Figure 4 The diversity of shapes of phytoliths found in 10 000–5 000‐year ol...Figure 5 The concentric structure of a basalia spicule of the Euplectella as...Figure 6 Scanning electron micrograph revealing the hierarchical distributio...Figure 7 The 2‐D periodic network of Coscinodiscus sp.Figure 8 Diatomite exploitation in an open‐pit mine at Foufouilloux (Cantal,...
80 Chapter 8.2Figure 1 Range of products that can be prepared via sol–gel processing.Figure 2 Alkoxide sol–gel reactions: hydrolysis; water‐ and alcohol‐forming ...Figure 3 Flowchart of the silica‐titania sol–gel process, with pH ≤ 2.Figure 4 Sol–gel film deposition methods: (a) spin‐coating and (b) dip‐coati...Figure 5 Transmission electron microscopy images of sol–gel silica nanoparti...Figure 6 Examples of sol–gel prepared photonic crystals: (a) Fabry–Perot mic...Figure 7 Scanning electron micrograph of nano/macroporous scaffold for bone ...
81 Chapter 8.3Figure 1 Translucency of silica‐aerogel granulates where Rayleigh scattering...Figure 2 Growing interest in silica aerogels as illustrated first by patents...Figure 3 Sol–gel synthesis of a surface‐modified aerogel.Figure 4 Microstructure of a typical silica aerogel. (a) Pearl‐necklace stru...Figure 5 Surface chemistry of a TEOS‐based silica aerogel. (a) As probed by ...Figure 6 Minimum in the thermal conductivity of aerogels at intermediate den...Figure 7 Density‐dependent uniaxial compression curves for silica aerogels [...Figure 8 Some applications of silica aerogels. (a) Building retrofit with He...
82 Chapter 8.4Figure 1 Decreasing concentrations of modifier ions (spheres) and increasing...Figure 2 Schematic of the sol–gel process and foaming step that can be intro...Figure 3 Four typical initial ion release profiles for dynamic dissolution e...Figure 4 Time point of first apatite formation for Na2O–CaO–SiO2 silicate gl...Figure 5 (a) Apatite surface layer formed on the fluoride‐containing bioacti...Figure 6 (a) Histomorphological results showing calcein fluorescence‐labeled...Figure 7 Healing of infection and inflammation of bone marrow (osteomyelitisFigure 8 Scaffolds prepared from melt‐derived bioactive glass by (a) gel‐cas...Figure 9 Scanning electron microscope images of a dentine disc at seven days...
83 Chapter 8.5Figure 1 Glass‐ceramics for dental restoration. (a) Dental bridge, lithium d...Figure 2 Leucite‐based glass‐ceramics used in IPS Empress®. (a) Crystal stru...Figure 3 From crystal structure to glass‐ceramics. Reproduced from [1] with ...Figure 4 Crystal structure of fluorapatite. Reproduced from [1] with permiss...
84 Chapter 8.6Figure 1 Relaxation in molecular liquids at different temperatures. (a) Norm...Figure 2 Crossover from simple dynamics at highest temperature to glassy dyn...Figure 3 Relaxation in molecular liquids in different representations. (a) D...Figure 4 Relaxation at different temperatures and pressures: isochronal supe...Figure 5 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids (solid symbo...Figure 6 Reorientational correlation times of molecular liquids. (a) Arrheni...Figure 7 Relaxation times at different temperatures and pressures: temperatu...Figure 8 Molecular dynamics simulations of spatially heterogeneous dynamics ...Figure 9 Molecular dynamics simulations of highly mobile particles in a mono...Figure 10 Number of dynamically correlated molecules in various glass‐formin...Figure 11 Molecular dynamics simulations of confined water. (a) Snapshot of ...Figure 12 Double glass transition in binary mixtures. (a) 2‐Methyltetrahydro...Figure 13 Dielectric relaxation of small molecules in dynamically asymmetric...Figure 14 Dynamics of 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran either pure or in a mixture wi...Figure 15 Indication of pronounced dynamic heterogeneities in binary glass f...Figure 16 Double relaxation of sorbitol: α‐ and β‐process. (a) Evi...Figure 17 Johari–Goldstein relaxation observed in 2H NMR solid‐echo spectra ...Figure 18 Relaxation in plastic crystals. (a) Time constants of the α‐ ...Figure 19 Lack of secondary relaxation apparent in broadband dielectric spec...Figure 20 The 90° jumps of cyanoadamantane molecules in the plastic crystal ...
85 Chapter 8.7Figure 1 Schematic representation of the succession of three (─C─C─) skeleta...Figure 2 Schematic representation of the mean potential energy of rotation o...Figure 3 Mean effects of topological restraints exerted on a chain are schem...Figure 4 Glass transition as detected in measurements of the specific volume...Figure 5 Schematic variations of typical numerical values of elastic moduli ...Figure 6 Schematic variations of the tangent of the loss angle across the te...Figure 7 Porous, hollow Dralon© fiber prepared from polyacronitrile [(C3H3N)
86 Chapter 8.8Figure 1 Schulz–Flory distribution for polymers with a degree of polymerizat...Figure 2 Schematic representation of the chain‐growth (top) and step‐growth ...Figure 3 The three main phases of free‐radical polymerization illustrated by...Figure 4 The greater variety of molecular architectures obtained by binary c...Figure 5 Terminal model of binary copolymerization. The four possible combin...Figure 6 The three principal stereoisomers made from vinyl monomers with a s...Figure 7 Chain‐growth mechanism exemplified by the ring‐opening polymerizati...Figure 8 Step‐growth polymerization as described by the Carothers equation (...Figure 9 Preparation of poly(vinyl acetate) and subsequent polymer analogous...Figure 10 Rate of polymerization as a function of monomer conversion (a) at ...Figure 11 Relation between Tg and Tm for selected polymers, most linear homo...
87 Chapter 8.9Figure 1 Structure of glasses, silicones, and organic polymers, which can be...Figure 2 Examples of different precursor types (I–III) for sol–gel/hybrid ma...Figure 3 Resulting properties of IOP by the modification of ≡Si–O–Si≡ networ...Figure 4 Two‐step formation reactions of inorganic and organic networks of i...Figure 5 Ashby plot for the Young's modulus–density relationship of various ...Figure 6 Conservation of a historic glass window at the Herrgottskirche (Cre...Figure 7 Micro‐Raman spectra of exposed coating material (top curve) and fre...Figure 8 Low‐energy hybrid polymer coating on glass: liquid droplet on the r...Figure 9 Corrosion protection through hybrid polymer on copper substrates: l...Figure 10 Bifunctional precursors for inorganic–organic polymer designed for...Figure 11 Scanning electron micrograph of a plasma‐deposited inorganic–organ...Figure 12 Scanning electron microphotograph of an inorganic–organic polymer ...
88 Section IXFigure 1 Domestic waste transformed into a piece of abstract glass art: opti...
89 Chapter 9.1Figure 1 Glass staircase, Apple Store, West 14th Street, New York; Eckersley...Figure 2 Glass façade with glass fins, Thomson Reuters Building, New York....Figure 3 Glass roof beams, Medical School, Glasgow; ARUP.Figure 4 Full glass structure including columns, beams, and stability walls....Figure 5 Sainsbury Art Centre (Norman Foster). Early example of structural g...Figure 6 Serres of the National Museum of Science, Technology and Industry i...Figure 7 Glass foot bridge, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Kraaijvanger Urbis, ...Figure 8 Weibull plot (see Chapter 3.11) for glass panels tested either stan...Figure 9 Schematic representation of the thermal tempering process [13].Figure 10 Through the thickness stress profiles of strengthened glass, from ...Figure 11 Fracture pattern of (a) annealed, (b) heat‐strengthened, and (c) f...Figure 12 Principle of the alternative load‐path design in the hanging glass...Figure 13 (a) Wolfson Building glass roof, Glasgow, UK, (b) schematic sectio...Figure 14 Examples of point‐fittings in glass façade. (a) Clamped point‐fitt...Figure 15 Schematic overview of point fittings