But Dargun's use of Mutterrecht and Vaterrecht to express maternal or paternal kinship, and Matriarchat and Patriarchat to express maternal or paternal power, seems preferable, in order to avoid confusing the two conceptions; see above, chap. i, p. 21. Compare further Grosse, Die Formen der Familie, 11, who uses Mutterfolge and Vaterfolge respectively as opposed to Matriarchat and Patriarchat; also Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 122-24, who gives definitions of "marriage" and "family;" and Westermarck, "Le matriarcat," Annales, 115 ff., who shows that in practice writers have used "matriarchate" in three senses.
[109] Les origines du mariage, 302-28.
[110] Lippert, Geschichte der Familie, 17; Unger, Die Ehe, 9. See also Gumplowicz, Grundriss der Sociologie, Abschnitt III, who holds that a period of gynocracy preceded the androcratic stage; Barazetti, in ZVR., IX, 304-7. See also Gage, Woman, Church, and State, 13 ff.
[111] Kautsky, "Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie," Kosmos, XII, 343, 344.
[112] Peschel, Races of Man, 233, 234.
[113] Tylor, Method of Investigating Institutions, 252.
[114] Letourneau, in Annales de l'institut international, 155: "Le mot [matriarcat] doit disparaître, parceque la chose n'a jamais existé."
[115] Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 213 ff. But this author (112 ff., 116) shows that among primitive men the sexes were not fully differentiated; so that women often possessed "amazonian" characteristics.
[116] Grosse, Die Formen der Familie, 48, 161 ff., 176 ff., 183. According to Grosse, among the lowest existing races patriarchalism prevails. Examples of women exercising political authority in the clan (Sippe) are exceedingly rare, although such may be found occasionally, as among the Huron and Iroquois, and some other peoples.
[117] Kohler, "Die Ehe mit und ohne Mundium," ZVR., VI, 328, 329. Cf. Powell, "Wyandot Government," I. Rep. of Bureau of Eth., 59-69.
[118] Friedrichs, "Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats," ZVR., VIII, 381, 382, though he shows elsewhere that paternal authority may coexist with mother-right: "Familienstufen und Eheformen," ibid., X, 206. Cf. Mucke, Horde und Familie, 108 ff., 114 ff., passim, who maintains that the family, androcratic or gynocratic, originates in slavery through rape or purchase. In the gynocratic family the woman is owner and mistress of the man, as the man is lord of the woman in the androcratic family.
[119] Dargun, Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht, 67-85.
[120] For an example see Powell, op. cit., and his "Wyandotte Society," A. A. A. S., XXIX, 675-88.
[121] For his theory see the Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht; and compare chap. i, pp. 20-23, above.
[122] See Post, Ursprung des Rechts, 52-56; Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 94, denying the existence of a period of gynocracy; also Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 748; Ploss, Das Kind, II, 393; Wake, Marriage and Kinship, 216-19; Letourneau, L'évolution du mariage, 131.
[123] Westermarck, Human Marriage, 41; Curr, The Australian Race, I, 60, 62, 69. Dargun, Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht, 2 ff., insists that Mutterrecht denotes merely exclusive kinship through the mother and is entirely consistent with paternal authority. Cf. Mucke, 173 ff.
[124] Starcke, op. cit., 65; cf. ibid., 229. Fear of the blood-feud through the wife's relatives, as among the Amaxosa, may sometimes act as a check upon the power or brutality of the husband: Rehme, "Das Recht der Amaxosa," ZVR., X, 39, 40.
[125] For example, by Giraud-Teulon, Les origines du mariage, 70 ff., passim; Lippert, Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit, II, 7; Bernhöft, "Zur Gesch. des eur. Familienrechts," ZVR., VIII, 161 ff.; Engels, Ursprung der Familie, 17; Kulischer, "Die geschlechtliche Zuchtwahl," ZFE., VIII, 140; "Intercommunale Ehe," ibid., X, 193; Morgan, Systems of Consanguinity, 480, 487 ff.; Ancient Society, 418, 500-502, 384 ff.; Bastian, Rechtsverhältnisse, xviii, lix; McLennan, Studies, I, 92, 95, passim; Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 86 ff., 98 ff.; Post, Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtsleben, 19; Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 16 ff.; Grundlagen des Rechts, 182 ff.; Familienrecht, 54 ff.; Ursprung des Rechts, 46 ff.; Wilken, Das Matriarchat, 7; Gumplowicz, Outlines of Sociology, 110 ff.; and especially Kohler, in ZVR., IV, 266, 267; V, 334 ff., and elsewhere throughout his numerous papers.
[126] Thus Giraud-Teulon (op. cit., 70), a zealous advocate of the theory of promiscuity, declares: "Avant d'accepter une semblable hypothèse, il convient cependant de reconnaitre que l'on n'a pas encore trouvé de peuplade vivant actuellement en état de complète promiscuité." But, he adds, the facts observed among living tribes "sont en tel nombre, en telle concordance, et confinent de si près à la promiscuité absolue, que ce n'est pas sortir du champ des hypothèses scientifiquement permises que de supposer dans l'enfance de l'humanité un état de pur communisme." On the lack of positive proof cf. also Kautsky, "Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie," Kosmos, XII, 198 ff.; Westermarck, Human Marriage, 41; Morgan, Ancient Society, 500 ff.; McLennan, Studies in Ancient History, I, 85 ff., 93 ff.; Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 662, 664; Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 130, 131.
[127] "Communal marriage" is the name introduced by Sir John Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 86, 98, 103, 104-9, whose theory is criticised by McLennan, Studies, I, 329 ff. "Gruppen- oder Hordenchen" is the term employed by Post, Familienrecht, 57, 58; Grundlagen des Rechts, 200, 201; Anfänge, 10 ff. For the so-called Australian group-marriage see Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 50 ff., 99 ff., 159 ff.; the criticism of Curr, The Australian Race, I, 106-42, which should be compared with Kohler, "Das Recht der Australneger," ZVR., VII, 326 ff., 329 ff., 337 ff.; his Zur Geschichte der Ehe, 64 ff.; Cunow, Australneger; Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia; and Crawley, Mystic Rose, 475 ff. In general, on group-marriage see Kulischer, in ZFE., VIII, 140; X, 193; Bernhöft, "Altindisches Familienorganisation," ibid., IX, 5 ff.; Schroeder, Das Recht in der geschlechtlichen Ordnung, 19 ff.
[128] On the horde see Bernhöft, "Zur Gesch. des eur. Familienrechts," ZVR., VIII, 167; Westermarck, Human Marriage, 41, 52; Friedrichs, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," ZVR., X, 194, 197, 198; idem, ibid., VIII, 378, 379; Kautsky, "Die Entstehung der Ehe und Familie," Kosmos, XII, 193 ff. (the Stamm); Post, Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 4 ff.; Familienrecht, 57, 58; Kohler, in ZVR., VII, 381; Mucke, Horde und Familie; Grosse, Die Formen der Ehe, 59, 62; Frerichs, Zur Naturgeschichte des Menschen, 106, 107; Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie,