Advanced Laser Surgery in Dentistry. Georgios E. Romanos

rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_14ef2fa3-d48c-5c3a-8b39-b63934c393ec">Figure 1.21 Classic Nd:YAG laser (Pulsemaster 1000; American Dental Technolo...Figure 1.22 Nd:YAG laser device (American Dental Technologies, Southfield, M...Figures 1.23 and 1.24 Representative Er:YAG laser devices for dental clinica...Figures 1.25–1.27 Different Er,Cr:YSGG laser devices developed in the last 2...Figure 1.28 Various diode lasers for oral applications (from left to right):...Figure 1.29 Water absorption spectrum in the wavelengths of 980, 810, and 10...Figure 1.30 Blue‐light laser (SIROLaser Blue, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC...Figure 1.31 Incisions using blue laser light (445 nm) and average power of 2...Figure 1.32 Comparative incisions using blue laser light (left), pulsed CO₂ ...Figure 1.33 Basic concept of a fiber laser.Figure 1.34 Absorption spectrum of water and blood.Figure 1.35 Ytterbium high‐power laser developed by IPG Photonics Co.Figure 1.36 Superpulse diode laser (Alta‐ST, Surgical Laser System, IPG Phot...Figure 1.37 Physical properties of the light in contact with matter or biolo...Figure 1.38 The absorption spectrum of water, (oxy)hemoglobin, and melanin d...Figure 1.39 Absorption areas of the visible and near infrared (a), mid‐infra...Figure 1.40 Use of flat reflectors can produce direct reflections having haz...Figure 1.41 Concept of the photodynamic therapy of tumors (from Niemz 2019)....Figure 1.42 Effects of temperature distribution in the tissues (from Niemz 2...Figure 1.43 Photothermal effects of a 3 W‐CO₂ laser on soft tissues (chicken...Figure 1.44 Photothermal effects of lasers on soft tissues (chicken breast) ...Figure 1.45 Schematic drawing of the penetration depth of different laser wa...Figure 1.46 Laser‐tissue effects based on the wavelength and the application...Figure 1.47 Principle of the fractional photothermolysis in the soft tissue....Figure 1.48 Histological demonstration of the coagulation zones in the soft ...Figure 1.49 Concept of the Laser patterned micro‐coagulation (LPM) for impro...Figure 1.50 Principle of plasma cleaning process of a metal.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Incision quality during laser irradiation of the bovine mucosa sh...Figure 2.2 Temperature changes of the tissue during laser irradiation. The l...Figure 2.3 Wound healing after scalpel incision (a); 1.75 W power Nd:YAG (b)...Figure 2.4 Wound healing after scalpel incision (a); 1.75 W power Nd:YAG (b)...Figure 2.5 Wound healing after scalpel incision (a); 1.75 W power Nd:YAG (b)...Figure 2.6 Incision area three days after 5W diode laser (980 nm) incision p...Figure 2.7 Incision area 14 days after 10W diode laser (980 nm) presenting c...Figure 2.8 Incision area 14 days after 15W diode (980 nm) laser presenting m...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Differences in penetration depths between CO₂ laser and Nd:YAG la...Figure 3.2 Perpendicular irradiation using a focused CO₂ laser (noncontact) ...Figure 3.3 Superficial irradiation of the tissue after excision to create a ...Figure 3.4 Hyperkeratosis of the mandible (a); the pathological tissue was e...Figure 3.5 Necessary instruments for conventional laser‐assisted surgical pr...Figure 3.6 Intraoperative burn of the lower lip of a patient during laser‐as...Figure 3.7 Coagulation of the blood vessel tumor in the papilla #6–7 (a) usi...Figure 3.8 Scar tissue formation due to the use of high‐power diode laser (9...Figure 3.9 Excision of a soft tissue tumor in the maxilla (a) using a contin...Figure 3.10 Removal of a soft tissue tumor in the vestibule of the anterior ...Figure 3.11 Irritation fibroma in the vestibular fold before the laser surge...Figure 3.12 Lingual fibroma (a) excised with a focused non‐contact CO₂ laser...Figure 3.13 Fibroma at the buccal mucosa (a) removed with contact pulsed Nd:...Figure 3.14 Excision of a fibroma in the tongue (a) using an Er:YAG laser (b...Figure 3.15 Soft tissue tumor of the alveolar ridge (a); excision with the C...Figure 3.16 Soft tissue tumor in the palate (a). The surgical excision occur...Figure 3.17 Palatal soft tissue lesion (a); using an ablative mode, the lesi...Figure 3.18 Excision of soft tissue tumor (a) with a scalpel and a CO₂ laser...Figure 3.19 Clinical diagnosis of symmetric fibromas (a). The surgical proce...Figure 3.20 Pyogenic granuloma of the lower lip (a). The tumor was excised w...Figure 3.21 Fibroma in the buccal mucosa (a). The excision was performed usi...Figure 3.22 Fibroma of the buccal mucosa (a) excised with a CO₂ laser with a...Figure 3.23 Surgical excision of the hyperplastic gingiva underneath the bar...Figure 3.24 Hyperplastic and inflamed peri‐implant mucosa with bleeding on p...Figure 3.25 Clinical and radiographical examination of a patient with an oss...Figure 3.26 Soft tissue tumor of the gingiva associated with some bleeding (...Figure 3.27 Soft tissue tumor of the lip (a) removed using an 810 nm diode l...Figure 3.28 Small tumor of the upper lip (a). An Nd:YAG laser with contact f...Figure 3.29 Soft tissue tumor of the buccal mucosa without symptoms (a). The...Figure 3.30 Soft tissue asymptomatic tumor of the tongue (a). Clinical exami...Figure 3.31 Soft tissue tumor of the gingiva (a); excision of the tumor usin...Figure 3.32 Soft tissue tumor in the mouth floor (a); a sialolith was not de...Figure 3.33 Epulis in the interdental area #2–3 (a). A gingivectomy was carr...Figure 3.34 A gingival tumor in a buccal aspect and occlusal view (a, b). Di...Figure 3.35 Mucocele of the low lip (a); a half‐moon‐shaped incision was per...Figure 3.36 Mucus retention cyst of the lower lip (a). After topical anesthe...Figure 3.37 Extravasation cyst of the sublingual gland (a). A plastic cathet...Figure 3.38 Swelling of the cheek (a) and sensitivity to palpation for at le...Figure 3.39 Excision of the lingual frenum (a) with a CO₂ laser (4 W; contin...Figure 3.40 The excisions of the two frenula (a, b) in the maxilla and the m...Figure 3.41 Tight frenum in the anterior maxilla (a). Excision with the CO₂ ...Figure 3.42 Hypertrophic papilla creating esthetic problems for the patient ...Figure 3.43 Excision of the labial frenulum (a) with a focused 810 nm diode ...Figure 3.44 Excision of the labial frenum (a) using a focused 810 nm diode l...Figure 3.45 Insufficient vestibule in the maxilla (a) associated with lack o...Figure 3.46 Lack of vestibule depth before surgery (a); the incision was per...Figure 3.47 Insufficient depth of the vestibule in the mandible (a). The muc...Figure 3.48 A frenectomy (a) was performed using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (2.0 ...Figure 3.49 Vestibuloplasty with an Er:YAG laser. Observe the insufficient b...Figure 3.50 Insufficient vestibule depth in the maxilla including soft tissu...Figure 3.51 Insufficient vestibule depth in the mandible due to the presence...Figure 3.52 Similar to the previous clinical case, the soft tissue tumor was...Figure 3.53 Oral leukoplakia in the alveolar ridge of the maxilla before exc...Figure 3.54 Oral leukoplakia of the tongue (a) and mouth floor (b); charring...Figure 3.55 Leukoplakia of the gingiva (a); removal of the lesion using a COFigure 3.56 Leukoplakia of the gingiva (a); coagulation after laser excision...Figure 3.57 Oral leukoplakia in the interdental papilla (a); excision with a...Figure 3.58 Oral leukoplakia at the right side of the tongue (a); excision u...Figure 3.59 Soft tissue tumor in a patient with von Willebrand disease befor...Figure 3.60 Schematic illustration of the ice cube technique in conjunction ...Figure 3.61 Vascular