60.Bryant, Olden Times, 648.
61.Bryant, Olden Times, 236.
62.This was Isaacs's view, too, as evidenced by his repeated assessments of the landscape in terms of its agricultural potential, 'rich in verdure and lack[ing] only the art and industry of civilized man' (Travels and Adventures, vol. 1, 26; cf. 57, 111, 149 etc); the remedy 'prescribed against Africa's insidious corruptions was cheerful toil' (Coetzee, White Writing, 3).
63.Isaacs, Travels and Adventures, vol. 1, 269.
64.Isaacs, Travels and Adventures, vol. 1, xxiv–xxxii.
65.Thus Louis du Buisson, The White Man Cometh, London, 1987, 17 writes:
Zululand was a vast natural paradise, one of the most fertile on earth . . . a country with a gentle, generous climate devoid of extremes and with all the animals of creation intact, pursuing their own evolution. Including homo sapiens.
. . . Unwarlike, fun-loving and hospitable, they lived in harmony with their neighbours and when conflicts arose they were settled in the gentlest possible way.
Cf. also P. Becker, Path of Blood, Harmondsworth, 1962, 22–7; D. Morris, The Washing of the Spears, London, 1967, 22–39 ('These, then, were the Kaffirs . . . an aimless people, happy and careless, with little sense of time and less of purpose'); Ballard, The House of Shaka, 13–14. For a survey of more recent blurrings and transcendences of these attitudinal rifts, see J. de Bruyn, 'The "Forgotten Factor" Sixteen Years Later: Some Trends in Historical Writing on Precolonial South Africa', Kleio, 16, (1984), 34–45.
66.Isaacs, Travels and Adventures, vol.2, 243, my italics.
67.J. Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object, New York, 1983, 80, 87.
68.Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath, 21.
69.Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath, 2.
70.Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath, 17.
71.R. Barthes, Writing Degree Zero, New York, 1968, 32.
72.S. Marks, 'Towards a People's History of South Africa? Recent Developments in the Historiography of South Africa', in R. Samuel, ed., People's History and Socialist Theory, London, 1981, 300.
73.M. Wilson and L. M. Thompson, eds, The Oxford History of South Africa, vol.1, Oxford, 1969, 129.
74.I am reminded irresistibly here of Gillray's 1790s cartoon of cannibalistic French revolutionaries (echoing the many, probably apocryphal but widely-repeated stories of Zulu-induced cannibalism; see e.g. Thompson, A History of South Africa, 85). Such imagery cannot circulate without an ambience of extreme xenophobia and 'superiorist' revulsion.
75.Isaacs, Travels and Adventures, vol.2, 102.
76.Ridgway, Stories From Zulu History, Pietermaritzburg, 1946, 95. A Bryant clone.
77.Ridgway, Stories From Zulu History, 95, 87, 89.
78.A. R. JanMohamed, 'The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature' in H.L. Gates Jr, ed., 'Race', Writing and Difference, Chicago, 1985 78–106. 'We can better understand colonialist discourse, it seems to me, through an analysis that maps its ideological function in relation to actual imperialist practices. Such an examination reveals that any evident 'ambivalence' is in fact a product of deliberate, if at times subconscious, imperialist duplicity . . .' (80).
79.Brookes and Webb, A History of Natal, 14. This is plagiarised almost verbatim from Bryant, Olden Times, 641 : 'Strange, but true, this Shaka was as sublime a moral teacher as martial genius. Submission to authority, obedience to the law, respect for superiors, order and self-restraint, fearlessness and self-sacrifice, constant work and civil duty, in a word, all the noblest disciplines of life were the very foundation-stones upon which he built his nation. So rigorously enforced was the life-long practice of all these excellencies, that he left them all a spontaneous habit, a second nature, amongst his people'.
80.Isaacs, Travels and Adventures, vol. 1, 60.
81.Isaacs, Travels and Adventures, vol. 1, 90, 93, 236.
82.Fynn, The Diary, 79n.
83.Fynn, The Diary, 79.
84.Fynn, The Diary, 90; Ritter, Shaka Zulu, 300.
85.See, for example, R. Haggard's, King Solomon's Mines, 1895; B. Mitford's, John Ames, 1900; C. Gilson's, In the Power of the Pygmies, Milford, 1919; P. White's Voss, 1957.
86.Fynn, The Diary, 317.
87.Fynn, The Diary, 267.
88.Watt, Febana, 94.
89.Ritter, Shaka Zulu, 272–3.
90.Ritter, Shaka Zulu, 274.
91.Ritter, Shaka Zulu, 268.
92.L. Grout, Zulu-land; or Life among the Zulu-Kafirs of Natal and Zulu-land, South Africa, London, 1862, 7 2 .
93.Grout, Zulu-land, 74.
94.Du Buisson, The White Man Cometh, 1.
95.Du Buisson, The White Man Cometh, 2.
96.Du Buisson, The White Man Cometh, 8–9, cf. 121.
97.See G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, Chicago, 1980, 117, 156–8: 'metaphors allow us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another . . . [They] can . . . define reality . . . through a coherent network of entailments that highlight some features of reality and hide others . . . Such "truths" may be true, of course, only relative to the reality defined by the metaphor.'
98.Bryant, Olden Times, 699.
99.Bryant, Olden Times, 168.
100.Bryant, Olden Times, 171.
101.Martin, 'British Images of the Zulu', 152–3. Cf. for example: H. Tracey, Zulu Paradox, Johannesburg, 1 9 4 8 , 21 ; Millin, The King of the Bastards, x; R. Niven, Nine Great Africans, London, 1964, 81; E.V. Walter, Terror and Resistance, New York, 1969, 127, and reprinted in F. Chalk and K. Jonassohn, eds, The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies, New Haven, 1990, 225. For Stalin, see M. de Villiers, White Tribe Dreaming, New York, 1987, 109; and Thompson, A History of South Africa, 85. J. M. Coetzee, Age of Iron, New York, 1990, 150 has his white heroine say to a black man: 'The Germans had comradeship, and the Japanese, and the Spartans. Shaka's impis, too, I am sure. Comradeship is nothing but a mystique of death, of killing and dying . . . '
102.Bryant, Olden Times, 319.
103.Fynn, The Diary, 76.
104.Fynn, The Diary, 58n.
105.For the high degree of inaccuracy contained in even eyewitness accounts, see R. Buckhout, 'Eyewitness Testimony', Scientific American, 231, (1974), 31–2; and A.J. Woodman, Rhetoric, 12–23.
106.Fynn, The Diary, 139.
107.For example, Isaacs, Travels and Adventures, vol. 1, 240.
108.Fynn, The Diary, 149–51.
109.Fynn, The Diary, 146.
110.Bryant, Olden Times, 641.
111.Bryant, Olden Times, 641.
112.H.N. Fairchild, The Noble Savage: A Study in Romantic Naturalism, New York, 1961, 92. In Rider Haggard's, Nada the Lily, London, 1895, 63 the narrator Mopo confronts Shaka:
Chaka drew near, and looked at the piled-up heaps of the slain and the cloud of dust that yet hung over them.
'There they lie, Mopo,'