197 ‘Izindatshana NgeZinto naBantu’, Ilanga, 10 May 1918, drawing from Abantu-Batho.
198 ‘Itlanganiso ye Pasi e Nxekwebe’, Imvo, 2 June 1889; ‘Land Bills e Kapa’, Tsala, 14 June 1913; ‘Transvaal Native Congress’, Abantu-Batho, 15 May 1919, trans. in NTS 7204 17/326. In 1921 he was principal of the Abantu National Academy (‘Ezase Nancefield’, Umteteli, 13 August 1921).
199 ‘Labour Recruitment’, Umteteli, 30 July 1921.
200 A. W. G. Champion, ‘U-Mhlata’Mnyama’, 2 October 1930; ‘Christian Ministers of Religion and My Exile’, 9 April 1931; ‘The Story of My Exile’, 16 April, 25 June 1931; ‘You May Not See Us Alive Again’, 7 May 1931; letter 4 December 1930, ‘Native Unrest again in Natal’, 30 April 1931; ‘Umuntu kafi Apele’, 11 June 1931; ‘A Change of System’ and ‘Heroes of Trade Unionism in S. Africa’, 7 May 1931; all in Abantu-Batho. See also the Conclusion, this volume, and Limb, The ANC’s Early Years: 463–64.
201 R. Mdima and A. W. G. Champion, ‘Igatya leNatal Native Congress eGoli elizwisa uBantu-Batho …’, Ilanga, 23 May 1919. He was NNC Transvaal vice-president (A. W. G. Champion, ‘Intelakabili eGoli’, Ilanga, 2 May 1919).
202 Champion, The Views of Mahlathi: 56
203 Not to be confused (as so many have) with his uncle, Isaiah Budlwana Bud-M’belle; our thanks to Chris Lowe for unravelling this confusion. T. Couzens, ‘Pseudonyms in Black South African Writing, 1920–50’, Research in African Literatures 6(2), 1975: 226, drawing on an interview, suggests ‘Horatio’ used the pseudonym ‘Enquirer’, but this may well have been his uncle.
204 ‘Lovedale News’, Christian Express, 1 March 1906; ‘Kimberley’, Tsala, 6 August 1910; ‘Pass Law Resisters, Native Case Stated’, Star, 1 April, 1919; D. D. T. J[abavu] in Imvo, 22 February 1916; H. Bud-M’belle, ‘From the Native Standpoint’, International, 16 March 1917.
205 See leaflet of 20 June 1918 and ‘The Workers Indaba’, trans. from Abantu-Batho, c. June 1918, in NASA, Pretoria, Department of Justice (hereafter JUS) 3/527/17.
206 D. Herdeck, African Authors (Washington: Black Orpheus Press, 1973): 359.
207 ‘Native Teachers Association (Eastern Branch of T.N.T.A.)’, Abantu-Batho, 26 October 1916, Jane Cobden Unwin Papers, University of Bristol Library, Special Collections, GB 3 DM 851 (my thanks to Brian Willan for this document); Skota, The African Who’s Who: 54–56.
208 A. S. Gérard, African Language Literatures (Harlow: Longman, 1981): 221.
209 Karis and Carter, From Protest to Challenge, vol. 4: 68 claim Makgatho ‘helped produce Abantu-Batho’.
210 Couzens, ‘The Struggle to Be Independent’.
211 Unpublished biography by S. M. Molema (which is forthcoming by Sekepe Matjila). The Times erred when its obituary had him as editor of Abantu-Batho (‘Mr. Solomon Plaatje’, 28 July 1932).
212 Abantu-Batho, 15 April 1915, in SwNA, RCS 23/1915; Abantu-Batho, 26 January 1928.
213 Roux, ‘The Bantu Press’, claims black editors refused ‘to be frank about circulation’ and total circulation of all black papers was 50,000–100,000, but each copy was read by three to four people.
214 Letterhead, Kunene to DNL, 16 July 1914, DNL 362/14 D80; ‘Our Paper’, Abantu-Batho, 11 June 1931.
215 ‘Monogamy versus Polygamy’, Christian Express, 1 March 1913: 35.
216 C. S. Mabaso to De Beers Consolidated Mines, Kimberley, 14 February 1914, in De Beers Archives, Kimberley, General Secretary’s Correspondence. Mabaso noted that the governing body recently had been reorganised into a limited liability company. My thanks to Brian Willan for showing me this letter.
217 Abantu-Batho, February–March 1920; and on the mastheads of 4 July 1918 and 26 January 1928.
218 C. S. Mabaso to Government Printer, 17 March 1922, DNL 144/13 D205.
219 M. Mutloatse, Umhlaba Wethu: A Historical Indictment (Johannesburg: Skotaville, 1989): 33.
220 Couzens, ‘The Struggle to Be Independent’: 44–45 cites circulation from Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Press (Pretoria, 1962), annex 784 as Bantu World 16,000 (1945); Ilanga 13,000 (1945); Bantu World in 1933 claimed 40,000. J. G. Coka, ‘The South African Press World’, Capital Plaindealer (Topeka), 11 October 1936, put the circulation of Bantu World at 12,000, Umteteli at 7,000 and Umsebenzi at 6,000.
221 One of them was Lymon Maling (La Hausse de Lalouvière, Restless Identities: 217, 222, citing ‘The Circulation of Abantu-Batho’, Wits Historical Papers, Skota Papers, A1618 (this now appears to be misplaced)). Msimang felt 1,000 copies of a paper would then have cost £17 in Bloemfontein (‘Autobiography’, Alan Paton Centre and Struggle Archives, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, John Aitchison Papers, PC 14/1/1/1-3: 12a).
222 J. Magagula, ‘Inkanyiso yase Natal as an Outlet of Political Opinion in Natal, 1889–1896’, BA (Hons) mini-dissertation, University of Natal, 1996: 21.
223 Willan, Sol Plaatje: 109, 125.
224 T. Couzens, ‘Widening Horizons of African Literature, 1870–1900’, in L. White and T. Couzens (eds), Literature and Society in South Africa (Harlow: Longman, 1984): 74.
225 G. Shaw, The Cape Times: An Informal History (Cape Town: David Philip, 1999): 11.
226 Rosenthal, Bantu Journalism: 13; Friedgut, ‘The Non-European Press’; Roux, Time Longer than Rope: 361, ‘The Bantu Press and Race Relations’, Race Relations 2(1), 1934: 129–30.
227 M. Lyons, ‘New Readers in the Nineteenth Century: Women, Children, Workers’, in G. Cavallo and R. Chartier (eds), A History of Reading in the West (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999): 343.
228 Switzer, ‘Moderation and Militancy’: 39.
229 J. Lonsdale, ‘“Listen while I Read”: Patriotic Christianity among the Young Gikuyu’, in T. Falola (ed.), Christianity and Social Change in Africa: Essays in Honor of J. D. Y. Peel (Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2005): 571–72.
230 S. T. Plaatje, Sechuana Proverbs with Literal Translations and Their European Equivalents, in Selected Writings, ed. B. Willan (Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 1996): 216.
231 C. L. Harries, Memo, 14 May 1919, University of Cape Town Library, G. Lestrade Papers BC255 K.1.8. I thank Brian Willan for sharing this document.
232 ‘The Leadership of Educated Men’, Abantu-Batho, c. March 1914, repr. in The Colonial and Provincial Reporter (Freetown), 2 May 1914. One paragraph was also published in ‘Native Papers and Missionaries’, Tsala ea Batho, 21 March 21, 1914. Skota in the mid-1920s received the Garvey press and many letters from West Africa (Benson Papers, SOAS, Mss. 348942/1, ‘Skota’: 4).
233 ‘Abantu-Batho Newspaper: Local Agencies Cape Colony’, Abantu-Batho, 11 July 1918; advertisement in Abantu-Batho, 14 June 1923: the paper’s office was then still based at 75a Auret St., Jeppes.
234 Switzer, The Black Press: 24.
235 See Limb, The ANC’s Early Years: 156.
236 Sub Native Commissioner (NC) Nylstroom to NC Nylstroom, 26 February 1919, NTS 7204 17/326.
237 Reports in Abantu-Batho, 20 December 1917, JUS 3/527/17.
238 J. J. Kekana, ‘Pitso ea Morena Dower’, Abantu-Batho, 20 December 1917, JUS 3/527/17.
239 A. Manson (ed.), An Oral History of the Life of William Barney Ngakane (Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1982): 33, 38.
240 See the issue of 4 July 1918, DNL 1441 D205. After 1929 the symbol did not reappear.
241 ‘The White Servants Have Got Their