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Appendix 2.1. Taxon-Character Matrix
Appendix 2.2. Character Choice and State Definitions for the Phylogenetic Analysis Conducted in This Study
| 1. Premaxillary rostrum: dorsal aspect. Margins converge to a blunt tip (0), modest rounded expansion (1), occlusal margin is broad and rounded in dorsal view such that its overall width approaches that of the skull roof (2), flared occlusal margins that form a “spoon-bill” structure in dorsal view (3). |
| 2. Premaxilla: level of occlusal margin relative to that of the maxillary tooth row. Not at all (or slightly) ventrally offset from alveolar margin of the maxilla (0), strongly ventrally offset (1). |
| 3. Premaxillary teeth: present (0), absent (1). |
| 4. Premaxillary denticles: absent (0), present (1). |
| 5. External naris: confined to area above oral margin of premaxilla (0), posterior margin extended posteriorly to lie above the maxilla (1). |
| 6. Premaxilla: anterolateral margin of the nasal fossa, above the occlusal edge of the premaxilla is reflected dorsally to form a distinct rim: absent (0), present (1). |
| 7. Premaxilla-lacrimal contact: absent (0), present (1) posterolateral premaxillary process extends posterodorsally to also contact/overlap the prefrontal (2). |
| 8. Premaxillary posterolateral process: tapers to point (0), posterior tip is bluntly truncated (1). |
| 9. Antorbital fenestra shape. Opening when viewed laterally: large and subtriangular (0), small and subcircular (1), absent (2). |
| 10. Antorbital fenestra location: between lacrimal and maxilla (0), on anterodorsal margin (premaxillary suture) of maxilla and not visible in lateral view of the articulated skull (1). |
| 11. Lacrimal-nasal contact: present (0), absent (1). |
| 12. Maxilla: dorsal process morphology. Flattened mound-like structure (0), narrow, finger-like process (1), laterally flattened subtriangular plate (2). |
| 13. Jugal: anterior process. Tapering (0), expanded (1), expanded and truncated anteriorly (2). |
| 14. Jugal-maxilla suture: scarf joint (0), “finger-in-recess” (oblique finger-like process of the maxilla fits into a slot formed in the medioventral surface of the anterior jugal ramus) (1), butt-jointed against a broad facet on the lateral surface of the ascending process of the maxilla (2). |
| 15. Jugal and its free ventral margin: generally strap-like with little undulation along the ventral edge (0), marked sinuous ventral edge with marked ventral deflection posteriorly (1). |
| 16. Jugal-ectopterygoid contact: present (0), absent (1). Difficult to score in many instances. |
| 17. Jugal contribution to the margin of the infratemporal fenestra: jugal forms part of the margin (0), jugal forms the entire margin by excluding the quadratojugal (1). |
| 18. Quadratojugal foramen: absent (0), present (1). Very limited distribution. |
| 19. Quadrate (paraquadratic) foramen: between quadratojugal and quadrate. Present (0), absent (1). |
| 20. Quadrate: embayment on anterolateral wing. Relatively small and semicircular in outline (0), broad embayment whose edges are marked by a scarf suture for a close-fitting quadratojugal (1). |
| 21. Quadrate: posterior margin of the shaft. Bowed anteriorly and the dorsal portion tilted posteriorly (0), straight (1). Often difficult to score because of postmortem distortion. |
| 22. Quadrate-articular condyle: transversely expanded (0), laterally compressed so that it forms (almost) a simple rounded condyle (1). |
| 23. Palpebral (supraorbital) bone(s): present (0), absent or fused to orbital margin (1). Given the looseness of attachment of this bone to the orbital margin (and therefore the lack of a reliable osteological marker) evidence of absence is subjective. |
| 24. Frontal: shape. Arched and narrow embayed laterally so that the orbital cavity is exposed dorsally (0), flat and transversely broad plate, roofing the orbital cavity dorsally (1), anteroposteriorly abbreviated (2). |
|
25. Frontal: forms part of the dorsal margin of the orbital cavity. Present
|