65. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 171–2; and Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 262.
66. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 88; and Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 841–2; Ibn Taghrībīrdī, op. cit., Vol. 8, p. 92.
67. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 87–8.
68. Ibid., p. 88; and Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. l, p. 841.
69. Ibn Taghrībirdī, op. cit., Vol. 8, p. 95.
70. Ibn lyās, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 159.
71. Rabie, op. cit., p. 53.
72. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, Vol. 1, p. 90.
73. Ibid., and Maqrīzī, Sulūk, Vol. 2, p. 156.
74. Ṭūsūn, ‘Umar, Māliyāt Miṣr min ‘Ahd al-Farā’inah ilā’l Ān (Alexandria: Maṭba’ah Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Kubrā, 1931), p. 259.
75. Qalqashandī, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 472.
76. Surūr, M. Jamāluddīn, Dawlah Banī Qalāwūn fī Miṣr (Cairo: Dār al-Fikr al-‘Arabī, 1948), p. 305.
77. Ibid., p. 314.
78. Ross, Sir E. D., The Art of Egypt through the Ages (London: The Studio Ltd., 1931), p. 73.
79. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 203.
80. Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, op. cit., pp. 78–9.
81. Hitti, op. cit., p. 639.
82. Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, op. cit., p. 31.
83. Ibid., p. 32.
84. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, Vol. 2, p. 95.
85. Ibid., pp. 94–100.
86. Ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 463–4; Lane-Poole, A History of Egypt, op. cit., p. 312.
87. Heaton, op. cit., pp. 151–2.
88. Ibid., p. 76.
89. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, Vol. 2, p. 174.
90. Lane-Poole, A History of Egypt, op. cit., p. 281.
91. Ibid., p. 281; Muir, op. cit., p. 38.
92. Heaton, op. cit., p. 156.
93. Maqrīzī, Khīṭaṭ, Vol. 2, pp. 92–4.
94. The Cambridge economic History of Europe (Cambridge, 1965), Vol. 3, p. 60.
95. Goitein, S. D., ‘Mediterranean Trade’, article in Studies in the economic History of the Middle East, ed. Cook, M. A. (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 60.
96. Heaton, op. cit., p. 165.
97. The Cambridge economic History of Europe, Vol. 3, p. 49.
98. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, Vol. I, p. 464.
99. Ḥasan, op. cit., p. 400.
100. Maqrīzī, Ighāthah al-Ummah bi-Kashf al-Ghummah (Cairo: Lajnah al-Ta’līf wa’l-Tarjamah wa’l-Nashr, 1940), pp. 65–6. This situation continued in the Mamluk period. At one place in his Fatāwā, Ibn Taimīyah wrote that in Damascus both dīnār and dirham were used, but since the latter was more commonly in circulation, the price was lowered in consequence. Cf. MFS, Vol. 29, p. 524.
101. Maqrīzī, Ighāthah, op. cit., p. 67.
102. Ibid., pp. 69–70.
103. Ibid., p. 70.
104. Ibid., p. 71.
105. Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 205–6.
106. Qalqashandī, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 444.
107. Ibid., p. 443.
108. Ibid., p. 438.
109. Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 899.
110. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 393.
111. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 404.
112. Maqrīzī, Ighāthah, op. cit., pp. 70–2.
113. Nuwairī, op. cit., Vol. 8, pp. 249, 253.
114. Ibid., pp. 253–6.
115. Ibid., p. 262.
116. Ibid., p. 259.
117. Ibid., pp. 260–1.
118. Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 344.
119. Rabie, op. cit., p. 82.
120. ‘Umarī, I. F., Al-Ta’rīf bi’l-Muṣṭalaḥ al-Sharīf (Cairo: Maṭba‘ah al-‘Āṣimah, 1895), p. 175.
121. Qalqashandī, op. cit., Vol. 3, pp. 456, 460–1.
122. Ibn Taghrībirdī, al-Nujūm, Vol. 9, p. 62.
123. Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, Vol. 3, pp. 455, 382, 459; Khiṭaṭ, Vol. I, p. 233.
124. Nuwairī, op. cit., Vol. 8, pp. 262–4.
125. Ibn Ḥajar, Al-Durar al-Kāminah (Hyderabad: Dā’irah al-Ma‘ārif al-Niẓāmīyah, 1929), Vol. 2, p. 404.
126. Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, Vol. 2, p. 283.
127. Ibn Taimīyah, MFS, op. cit., Vol. 30, pp. 344, 337.
128. Ibn Baṭṭūṭali, op. cit., p. 50.
129. Maqrīzī, Khīṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 88–9.
130. Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 458–9.
131. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, Vol. I, p. 106.
132. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 497; and Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 384.
133. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 664.
134. Ibid., p. 907.
135. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 89.
136. Ibid., p. 105.
137. Ibid., p. 110; and Kitāb al-Sulūk, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 44–5.
138. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, Vol. 2, p. 90.
139. Ibn Taimīyah, MFS, op. cit., Vol. 28, p. 591; Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 106; Ibn Kathīr, op. cit., Vol. 13, p. 254.
140. Ibn Kathīr, op. cit., Vol. 13, p. 350.
141. Ibn Ḥajar, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 20; Qalqashandī, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 460.
142. Maqrīzī, Kitāb al-Sulūk, Vol. 2, p. 103.
143. Ibid., p. 153.
144. Ibid., p. 420; Qalqashandī, op. cit., Vol. 3, p. 470.
145. Abū Yūsuf, Kitāb al-Kharāj (Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Salafīyah, 1392 AH), pp. 45–6; Ibn Taimīyah, al-Siyāsah al-Shar‘īyah (Cairo: Dār al-Sha‘b, 1971), p. 55.
146. Maqrīzī, Khiṭaṭ, Vol. 2, p. 224.
147. Suyūtī, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 84.
148. Al-Ẓāhirī, Khalīl bin Shāhīn, op. cit., pp. 107–8.
149. Ibn Iyās, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 66.
150.