71.R. A. Marcus, Electron Transfer at Electrodes and in Solution: Comparison of Theory and Experiment. Electrochim. Acta 13, 995 (1968) M71, Ch. 8
77.R. A. Marcus, General Introduction to Faraday Society Discussions on Electrode Reactions of Organic Compounds. Disc. Faraday Soc. 45, 7 (1968) M77, Ch. 8
49.R. A. Marcus, Generalization of the Activated Complex Theory of Reaction Rates. I. Quantum Mechanical Treatment. J. Chem. Phys. 41, 2614 (1964) M49, Ch. 9
50.R. A. Marcus, Generalization of the Activated Complex Theory of Reaction Rates. II. Classical Mechanical Treatment. J. Chem. Phys. 41, 2624, (1964) M50, Ch. 9
74.R. A. Marcus, Electron Transfer Reactions. In Chemische Elementarprozesse, H. Hartmann, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1968) p. 348. M74, Ch. 9
105.R. A. Marcus, Activated-Complex Theory: Current Status, Extensions and Applications. In Techniques of Chemistry, Vol. 6, Part 1, Investigations of Rates and Mechanisms of Reactions, E. S. Lewis, ed. (Wiley, New York, 1974) Chapter 2 M105, Ch. 9
118.R. A. Marcus, Electron Transfer in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems. Phys. Chem. Sci. Res. Rep. 1, 477, (1975) M118, Ch. 9
119.R. A. Marcus, Energetic and Dynamical Aspects of Proton Transfer Reactions in Solution. Faraday Symposia Chem. Soc. 10, 60, (1975) M119, Ch. 9
134.R. A. Marcus, Theories of Electrode Kinetics. Physicochem. Hydrodyn. (Pap. Conf.) 1, 473, (1977) M134, Ch. 9
110.R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Electron-Transfer Reactions with Unusual Activation Parameters. A Treatment of Reactions Accompanied by Large Entropy Decreases. Inorg. Chem. 14, 213, (1975) M110, Ch. 10
139.R. A. Marcus, Electron and Nuclear Tunneling in Chemical and Biological Systems. In Tunneling in Biological Systems, B. Chance, D. C. Devault, H. Frauenfelder, R. A. Marcus, J. R. Schrieffer, and N. Sutin, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) p. 109. M139, Ch. 10
140.R. A. Marcus, Electron Transfer and Tunneling in Chemical and Biological Systems. Life Sci. Res. Rep. 12, 15, (1979) M140, Ch. 10
141.J. Joussot-Dubien, A. C. Albrecht, H. Gerischer, R. S. Knox, R. A. Marcus, M. Schott, A. Weller, Mechanisms of Charge Separation and Subsequent Processes Group Report. Life Sci. Res. Rep. 12, 129, (1979) M141, Ch. 10
145.R. Haberkorn, M. E. Michel-Beyerle, and R. A. Marcus, On Spin-Exchange and Electron-Transfer Rates in Bacterial Photosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76, 4185, (1979) M145, Ch. 10
146.Tunneling in Biological Systems (Book). B. Chance, D. C. DeVault, H. Frauenfelder, R. A. Marcus, J. R. Schrieffer, and N. Sutin, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) M146, Ch. 10
154.R. A. Marcus, Similarities and Differences Between Electron and Proton Transfers at Electrodes and in Solution. Theory of a Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. In Proc. Third Symposium Electrode Processes, 1979. S. Bruckenstein, J. D. E. McIntyre, B. Miller, E. Yeager, eds. (Electrochemical Society, Princeton, 1980) p. 1. M154, Ch. 10
156.R. A. Marcus, On Quantum, Classical and Semiclassical Calculations of Electron Transfer Rates. In Oxidases and Related Redox Systems, T. E. King, M. Morrison, and H. S. Mason, eds. (Pergamon, New York, 1982) p. 3. M156, Ch. 10
163.P. Siders and R. A. Marcus, Quantum Effects in Electron-Transfer Reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 741, (1981) M163, Ch. 10
30a.R. A. Marcus, Discussion Comment on Mixed Reaction-Diffusion Controlled Rates. Discussions Faraday Soc. 29, 129, (1960) M30a, Ch. 11
164.P. Siders and R. A. Marcus, Quantum Effects for Electron-Transfer Reactions in the Inverted Region. J. Am. Chem. Soc.103, 748, (1981) M164, Ch. 11
170.R. A. Marcus, On the Frequency Factor in Electron Transfer Reactions and Its Role in the Highly Exothermic Regime. Intl. J. Chem. Kinetics 13, 865, (1981) M170, Ch. 11
173.R. A. Marcus and P. Siders, Further Developments in Electron Transfer. ACS Symp. Ser. 198, 235, (1982) M173, Ch. 11
174.R. A. Marcus and P. Siders, Theory of Highly Exothermic Electron Transfer Reactions. J. Phys. Chem. 86, 622, (1982) M174, Ch. 11
177.R. A. Marcus, Electron, Proton and Related Transfers. Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 74, 7, (1982) M177, Ch. 11
194.R. A. Marcus, Nonadiabatic Processes Involving Quantum-Like and Classical-Like Coordinates with Applications to Nonadiabatic Electron Transfers. J. Chem. Phys. 81, 4494, (1984) M194, Ch. 11
126.E. Waisman, G. Worry, and R. A. Marcus, A Study of the Entropic and Electrolyte Effects in Electron Transfer Reactions. J. Electroanal. Chem. 82, 9, (1977) M126, Ch. 12
201.P. Siders, R. J. Cave and R. A. Marcus, A Model for Orientation Effects in Electron-Transfer Reactions. J. Chem. Phys. 81, 5613, (1984) M201, Ch. 12
204.R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Electron Transfers in Chemistry and Biology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 811, 265, (1985) M204, Ch. 12
207.R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, The Relation Between the Barriers for Thermal and Optical Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution. Comments Inorg. Chem. 5, 119, (1986) M207, Ch. 12
209.R. J. Cave, S. J. Klippenstein, and R. A. Marcus, A Semiclassical Model for Orientation Effects In Electron Transfer Reactions. J. Chem. Phys. 84, 3089, (1986) M209, Ch. 12
210.R. J. Cave, P. Siders, and R. A. Marcus, Mutual Orientation Effects on Electron Transfer Between Porphyrins. J. Phys. Chem. 90, 1436, (1986) M210, Ch. 12
211.H. Sumi and R. A. Marcus, Dynamical Effects in Electron Transfer Reactions. J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4894, (1986) M211, Ch. 13
213.H. Sumi and R. A. Marcus, Dielectric Relaxation and Intramolecular Electron Transfers. J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4272, (1986) M213, Ch. 13
214.mi, Solvent Dynamics and Vibrational Effects in Electron Transfer Reactions. J. Electroanal. Chem. 204, 59, (1986). M214, Ch. 13
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Charge transfer is present in the phenomenon of contact electrification at the very beginning of the history of electricity, with Thales of Miletus, as well as at the dawn of electricity as science, with William Gilbert. Triboelectricity, the contact electrification by tribocharging, was first observed, as far as we know, by Thales of Miletus when he rubbed amber with wool, the Greek word for friction being τρι′βoς and that for amber η′λεκτρoν (or η′λεκτρoς). Tribocharging is due, we today know [1], to ions or electrons transferring from one to the other of two surfaces in contact. In a sense, we can consider Thales’ tribocharging also as the first experiment in chemical kinetics because, as Marcus remarked, that rubbing is overcoming the activation energy barrier for transfer of an ion or of an electron.
We