Times," p. 316; Dawkins's "Early Man in Britain," pp. 115-120; Lyell's "Antiquity of Man," pp. 282-285., Dana's "Manual of Geology," first edition, p. 561; Haywood's Heer's "Primeval World of Switzerland," Vol. II, p. 203; Wallace's "Island Life," p. 114; Croll's "Climate and Time." Mr. Geikie, in his works, "The Great Ice Age" and "Prehistoric Europe," maintains there were several warm interglacial epochs. (29) Wright. (30) Morgan's "Ancient Society," p. 29. (31) Geikie's "Prehistoric Europe," p. 365. Morgan's "Ancient 103 Society," p. 39. (32) Rau's "Early Man in Europe," p. 14. (33) "Primitive Industry," p. 485. (34) Lubbock's "Prehistoric Times," 384. (35) Geikie's "Prehistoric Europe," chap. ix. Most geologists suppose there was a general depression of the region below the sea level, or so as to form inland lakes, and that the loess was thus deposited, as perhaps it is depositing at the present time in the lakes of Switzerland. (Wright.) (36) Lubbock's "Prehistoric Times," p. 423. (37) Evans's "Ancient Stone Implements," p. 621. (38)
Pop. Science Monthly, Oct., 1883. (39) Dawkins's "Ear. Man in Brit.," p. 163. (40) Wright's "Studies in Science and Religion," p. 278. See also British Association Report, 1882, p. 602. (41) Lubbock's "Prehistoric Times," p. 356. (42) Abbott's "Primitive Industry." (43) Dawkins's "Early Man in Britain," p. 172. (44) Wright. (45) Quatrefages's "Human Species," p. 307. (46) "Human Species," p. 305. (47) Ibid., p. 307. (48) Quatrefage's "Human Species," p. 306. (49) "Early Man in Britain," p. 173. (50) Ibid., p. 233. (51) We do not give any estimate in years as to this antiquity in this chapter. (52) We must remember that this age is also variously called the Quaternary, Pleistocene, and Post Tertiary. We do not now refer 104 to the evidence of man's existence in the Miocene and Pliocene, treated of in the preceding chapter. (53) Mr. Dawkins finds that fifty-five out of seventy-seven species are yet living. "Early Man in Britain," p, 109. (54) "Early Man in Britain," p. 110. (55) Those who reject the proofs of the existence of man in Pliocene times because the evolution of life had not then reached a stage where we could hope to find man, are here confronted with a difficulty. If Mr. Dawkins be right (as stated above) then the various animals in question must have been living in Asia during the preceding Pliocene Age. There is no reason to suppose man was not associated with them, since he belongs to the same stage of evolution (Le Conte's "Elements of Geology," p. 568), and though, owing to climatic and geographical causes, the animals themselves might have been confined to Asia, there is surely no good reason why man may not, in small bands, and at various times, have wandered into Europe. (56) "Prehistoric Europe," "The Great Ice Age." (57) Dawkins's "Early Man in Britain," p. 170. (58) "Prehistoric Europe," p. 268. (59) Ibid., 360. (60) British Assoc. Rep., 1878. (61) "Early Man in Britain," pp. 137, 141, and 169, with note. (62) British Assoc. Rep., 1879. (63) Prehistoric Europe, p. 263. (64) British Assoc. Rep., 1882. (65) Preface to Kains-Jackson's "Our Ancient Monuments." (66) "First Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology," p. 73. 105 Chapter IV CAVE-MEN. Other sources of Information--History of Cave Exploration--The formation of Caves--Exploration in Kent's Cavern--Evidence of two different races--The higher culture of the later race--Evidence of prolonged time--Exploration of Robin Hood Cave--Explorations in Valley of the River Meuse--M. Dupont's conclusions--Explorations in the Valley of the Dordogne--The Station at Schussenreid--Cavemen not found south of the Alps--Habitations of the Cavemen--Cavemen were Hunters--Methods of Cooking--Destitute of the Potter's art--Their Weapons--Clothing--Their skill in Drawing--Evidence of a Government--Of Religious belief--Race of the Cavemen--Distinct from the men of the Drift--Probable Connection with the Eskimos. We have been delving, among the sands of ancient river bottoms for a proof of man's existence in far remote times. Slight and unsatisfactory as they may be to some, they are the materials with which we reconstruct a wondrous story of life and times removed from us by many a cycle of years. Men have frequently resorted to the caverns of the earth for protection. In places we find caves that served this purpose during the Paleolithic 106 Age. The men of the Drift, however, do not appear to have used them, save as temporary places of refuge, perhaps as a protection from bands of savage enemies, or from unusually inclement weather. But yet most surprising results have attended the exploration of caves in England, France, and Belgium. We find in those gloomy places that the men of the Drift were not the only tribes of men inhabiting Europe during the Glacial Age. In fact, living at later date than the Drift tribes, but still belonging to the Paleolithic Age, were tribes of people who appear to have utilized caverns and grottoes as places of permanent resort, and, judging from their remains, they had made considerable advance in the arts of living as compared with the tribes of the Drift. But before pointing out the grounds upon which these conclusions rest, it may be well to give a slight review of the history of cave research. The dread and awe which kept people away from caves during the Middle Ages preserved their contents for later discoverers. In the seventeenth century, some adventurous spirits began to search in them for what they called Unicorn horns, which were deemed a most efficacious remedy for various diseases. This search served the good purpose of bringing to light various fossil bones of animals, and calling the attention of scientific men to the same. The cave of Gailenreuth, in Bavaria, was explored by Dr. Goldfuss in 1810. He came to the conclusion that the bones of bears and other extinct animals were proofs of the former presence of the animals themselves. Dr. Buckland, a celebrated English writer, visited the cave in 1816, and became much interested in the work; so much so that when Kirkdale Cavern, in England, was discovered in 1821, he at once repaired to the spot and made a careful exploration. The results satisfied him 107 that hyenas and other extinct animals had once lived in England. He followed up his explorations in a number of cases, and published a work on this subject in 1822, which marks the commencement of a new era in cave research. In 1825 Kent's Cavern, near Torquay, was discovered, and Rev. J. McEnry made partial explorations in it. He discovered flint implements and perceived they might be a proof of the presence of man with these extinct animals. Dr. Buckland had not found these relics, or else had passed them by as of no importance, for he refused to entertain the theory that man and the extinct animals had been contemporaneous. Explorations made in France in 1827-8 had furnished such strong evidence on this point that it was deemed established by some scholars, but being opposed to the prevailing belief, nothing came of it. Illustration of Gailenreuth.--------- In 1829 Schmerling commenced his investigations in the caves of the valley of the Meuse. For years he continued his work under many difficulties. Sir Charles Lyell tells us he was let down day after day to the opening of the Engis Cave by a rope tied to a tree. Arriving there he crawled on all fours through a narrow passage way to the enlarged chamber, where, standing in mud and water, he superintended the investigations. He examined over forty of those caves, and published his results in 1833. He clearly showed that man must have been living along with various animals now extinct in Belgium. But, as before remarked, it was deemed sufficient answer to this careful explorer to point out that 108 his results were opposed to the accepted chronology, and so they were passed by. When the time at last came, and their true worth was recognized, Schmerling himself had passed away. We have already seen what great results followed the exploration of DePerthes in the river gravels. When it had been clearly established that man and extinct animals hid coexisted in Europe, the results of cave explorations were eagerly recalled, and governments vied with royal societies and private individuals in continuing the researches. The results are that a rich store of facts has been gathered from those gloomy resorts, illustrative of the later stages of Paleolithic art. A word as to the formation of caves, grottoes, caverns, and rock shelters. These vary greatly in size, some being so small as to furnish protection to but few individuals; others, especially caves, so large that whole tribes might have found a place of resort within their chambers. They are found in all limestone countries. The formation of caves is now recognized as due to natural causes acting slowly through many years. Limestone rock is very hard and durable, but chemistry teaches us that water charged with carbonic acid gas will readily dissolve it. Rain-water falling from the clouds is sure to come in contact with masses of decaying vegetable matter, which we know is constantly giving off quantities of this gas. Laden with this the water sinks into the ground, and, if it comes in contact with limestone, readily washes some of it away in solution. But beds of limestone rock are noted for containing great fissures through which subterranean waters penetrate far into the ground. We can readily see how this percolating water would dissolve and wear away the surface of the rocks along such a fissure, and in process of time we would have the 109 phenomenon of a stream of water flowing under ground. Owing to a great many causes--such, for instance, as the meeting of another fissure--we would expect that portions of this underground way would become enlarged to spacious halls. In some such a way as
