does the man, and that when it perishes he must die. A few instances out of many may be given to prove at once the wide diffu-
sion of the practice over the world and its remarkable persistence through the ages. For thousands of years ago it was known to the
sorcerers of ancient India, Babylon, and Egypt, as well as of Greece and Rome, and at this day it is still resorted to by cunning and
malignant savages in Australia, Africa, and Scotland. Thus the North American Indians, we are told, believe that by drawing the fig-
ure of a person in sand, ashes, or clay, or by considering any object as his body, and then pricking it with a sharp stick or doing it any
other injury, they inflict a corresponding injury on the person represented. For example, when an Ojebway Indian desires to work
evil on any one, he makes a little wooden image of his enemy and runs a needle into its head or heart, or he shoots an arrow into
it, believing that wherever the needle pierces or the arrow strikes the image, his foe will the same instant be seized with a sharp pain
in the corresponding part of his body; but if he intends to kill the person outright, he burns or buries the puppet, uttering certain
magic words as he does so. The Peruvian Indians moulded images of fat mixed with grain to imitate the persons whom they disliked
or feared, and then burned the effigy on the road where the intended victim was to pass. This they called burning his soul.
A Malay charm of the same sort is as follows. Take parings of nails, hair, eyebrows, spittle, and so forth of your intended victim, enough to represent every part of his person, and then make them up into his likeness with wax from a deserted bees' comb. Scorch the figure slowly by holding it over a lamp every night for seven nights, and say:
"It is not wax that I am scorching,
It is the liver, heart, and spleen of So-and-so that I scorch."
After the seventh time burn the figure, and your victim will die. This charm obviously combines the principles of homoeopathic and contagious magic; since the image which is made in the likeness of an enemy contains things which once were in contact with him, namely, his nails, hair, and spittle. Another form of the Malay charm, which resembles the Ojebway practice still more closely, is to make a corpse of wax from an empty bees' comb and of the length of a footstep; then pierce the eye of the image, and your enemy is blind; pierce the stomach, and he is sick; pierce the head, and his head aches; pierce the breast, and his breast will suffer. If you would kill him outright, transfix the image from the head downwards; enshroud it as you would a corpse; pray over it as if you were praying over the dead; then bury it in the middle of a path where your victim will be sure to step over it. In order that his blood may
not be on your head, you should say:
"It is not I who am burying him,
It is Gabriel who is burying him."
Thus the guilt of the murder will be laid on the shoulders of the archangel Gabriel, who is a great deal better able to bear it than you
are.
If homoeopathic or imitative magic, working by means of images, has commonly been practised for the spiteful purpose of putting obnoxious people out of the world, it has also, though far more rarely, been employed with the benevolent intention of helping others into it. In other words, it has been used to facilitate childbirth and to procure offspring for barren women. Thus among the
Bataks of Sumatra a barren woman, who would become a mother, will make a wooden image of a child and hold it in her lap, believ-
ing that this will lead to the fulfilment of her wish. In the Babar Archipelago, when a woman desires to have a child, she invites a
man who is himself the father of a large family to pray on her behalf to Upulero, the spirit of the sun. A doll is made of red cotton,
which the woman clasps in her arms, as if she would suckle it. Then the father of many children takes a fowl and holds it by the legs
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to the woman's head, saying, "O Upulero, make use of the fowl; let fall, let descend a child, I beseech you, I entreat you, let a child
fall and descend into my hands and on my lap." Then he asks the woman, "Has the child come?" and she answers, "Yes, it is sucking
already." After that the man holds the fowl on the husband's head, and mumbles some form of words. Lastly, the bird is killed and
laid, together with some betel, on the domestic place of sacrifice. When the ceremony is over, word goes about in the village that the
woman has been brought to bed, and her friends come and congratulate her. Here the pretence that a child has been born is a purely
magical rite designed to secure, by means of imitation or mimicry, that a child really shall be born; but an attempt is made to add to
the efficacy of the rite by means of prayer and sacrifice. To put it otherwise, magic is here blent with and reinforced by religion.
Among some of the Dyaks of Borneo, when a woman is in hard labour, a wizard is called in, who essays to facilitate the delivery
in a rational manner by manipulating the body of the sufferer. Meantime another wizard outside the room exerts himself to attain
the same end by means which we should regard as wholly irrational. He, in fact, pretends to be the expectant mother; a large stone
attached to his stomach by a cloth wrapt round his body represents the child in the womb, and, following the directions shouted to
him by his colleague on the real scene of operations, he moves this make-believe baby about on his body in exact imitation of the movements of the real baby till the infant is born.
The same principle of make-believe, so dear to children, has led other peoples to employ a simulation of birth as a form of adoption, and even as a mode of restoring a supposed dead person to life. If you pretend to give birth to a boy, or even to a great bearded
man who has not a drop of your blood in his veins, then, in the eyes of primitive law and philosophy, that boy or man is really your
son to all intents and purposes. Thus Diodorus tells us that when Zeus persuaded his jealous wife Hera to adopt Hercules, the god-
dess got into bed, and clasping the burly hero to her bosom, pushed him through her robes and let him fall to the ground in imita-
tion of a real birth; and the historian adds that in his own day the same mode of adopting children was practised by the barbarians.
At the present time it is said to be still in use in Bulgaria and among the Bosnian Turks. A woman will take a boy whom she intends
to adopt and push or pull him through her clothes; ever afterwards he is regarded as her very son, and inherits the whole property
of his adoptive parents. Among the Berawans of Sarawak, when a woman desires to adopt a grownup man or woman, a great many
people assemble and have a feast. The adopting mother, seated in public on a raised and covered seat, allows the adopted person to
crawl from behind between her legs. As soon as he appears in front he is stroked with the sweet-scented blossoms of the areca palm
and tied to a woman. Then the adopting mother and the adopted son or daughter, thus bound together, waddle to the end of the
house and back again in front of all the spectators. The tie established between the two by this graphic imitation of childbirth is very
strict; an offence committed against an adopted child is reckoned more heinous than one committed against a real child. In ancient
Greece any man who had been supposed erroneously to be dead, and for whom in his absence funeral rites had been performed,
was treated as dead to society till