42 Weisberg 2006.
43 Rowe 2000.
44 Gibbons & Garfield 1999.
45 Peksen & Drury 2009, p. 401.
46 Feaver & Lorber 2015.
47 Connolly 2015, pp. 37–38.
48 Connolly 2015, p. 38.
49 Wood 2008, p. 489.
50 Peksen & Drury 2009, p. 393.
51 Peksen & Drury 2010.
52 Pond 2017, pp. 1074–1075.
53 Peksen 2017, p. 221.
54 Grauvogel & Soest 2014, cf. Grauvogel, Licht, & Soest 2017.
55 Drezner 1999a, p. 8; cf. Portela 2010, p. 10.
56 Hufbauer, Schott, Elliott, & Oegg 2007.
57 Peksen 2009, p. 75.
58 Peksen & Drury 2010.
59 Teorell 2010, p. 75.
60 Erdmann 2011, pp. 27–28.
61 Drezner 2011, p. 104.
62 Soest & Wahman 2012, p. 30
63 Geddes 1999, pp. 121–122.
64 Wright 2008, p. 323.
65 Baldwin 1985, p. 36.
66 Russell 2004 [1938], p. 4.
67 Lasswell 1958.
68 Baldwin 1985, pp. 13–14.
69 Hufbauer, Schott, Elliott, & Oegg 2007, p. 5.
70 Baldwin 1985, p. 9.
71 Baldwin 1985, p. 9.
72 Pape 1997, pp. 93–94.
73 Hufbauer, Schott, Elliott, & Oegg 2007, p. 3.
74 Peksen 2014, p. 486.
75 Daoudi & Dajani 1983, pp. 4–5.
76 Portela 2010, p. 1.
77 Nephew 2018, p. 8.
78 Baldwin 2011, p. 706.
79 Baldwin 1971, p. 19.
80 Morrison 2014.
81 Bergeijk 2009, pp. 119–120.
82 Portela & Soest 2012 (GIGA sanctions dataset).
83 Hufbauer, Schott, Elliott, & Oegg 2007, pp. 52–53.
84 Drury 2001, p. 486; Nossal 1989.
85 Cortright & Lopez 1995, p. 202.
86 Lindsay 1986.
87 Baldwin 1985, p. 372.
88 Nossal 1989, p. 322.
89 Giumelli 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015.
90 Dashti-Gibson, Davis, & Radcliff 1997, p. 616.
91 Baldwin 1985, p. 371.
92 Kaempfer & Lowenberg 1988, p. 792.
93 Drezner 2003, p. 650.
94 Barber 1979.
95 Jones & Portela 2014, p. 15.