Social Torture. Chris Dolan

Organisation

       Part II – Subsistence in the Camps

       Problems with Distribution

       Part III – Access to Education

       Part IV – Access to Health Care

       Part V – Access to Protection

       Discussion and Conclusions

       6. Protection As Debilitation

       Introduction

       Physical Debilitation

       Psychological Debilitation

       Cultural Debilitation

       Discussion

       Conclusions

       7. Protection As Humiliation

       Introduction

       The Hegemonic Model of Masculinity

       The Gap between Model and Reality: Inability To Fulfil External and Internalised Expectations

       The Impact of the Emergence of a Hegemonic Model

       Discussion

       Conclusions

       8. Social Torture and the Continuation of War

       Introduction

       Impacts and Methods

       Further Symptoms of Torture

       Actors

       Humanitarian Missions and Mandate

       Failures in Assistance and Protection

       Benefits and Functions

       Justifications for Action and Inaction

       Discussion

       Conclusions

       9. Conclusions

       Social Torture Offers a Counter-Narrative to the Mainstream Discourse

       Greed–Grievance

       Social Torture Goes beyond the Convention Against Torture

       Social Torture Suggests the Need for More Comprehensive Interventions

       Annex A. Testimony of a LRA Soldier who Returned under Amnesty, October 2001. Recorded April 2002, Kampala

       Annex B. An Account of the 1994 Peace Talks

       Bibliography

       Index

      FIGURES

      Maps

       Map 1. Gulu, Kitgum, Nimule Towns, And The ‘Protected Villages’, In Which We Conducted The Majority Of Fieldwork: Atiak Biabia, Acet, Anaka, Awer, Awere, Awac, Cwero, Odek, Pabo, Palaro.

       Map 2. Map of a Yard. The Circle was Indicated Using White Stones.

      Diagrams

       Diagram 1.1. Key Elements in Identifying Torture

       Diagram 5.1. Escalation in Numbers of Internally Displaced inGulu/Kitgum/Pader, 1997–2003

       Diagram 5.2. Organigram Showing Approximate Positions of Government and ‘Traditional’ Authorities

       Diagram 9.1. An Elaborated Model of Social Torture

       Diagram A.9. LRA Organisational Chart for the Year 1999 – 2000

      Tables

       Table 1.1. Key Differences between Individual and Social Torture

       Table 2.1. Number of Reports by Subject Matter over the Six Months July to December 1999, from 10 Protected Villages in Gulu District

       Table 3.1. Incidents that Happened to Women and Their Immediate Families (Each Line Represents a Different Person's Memory)

       Table 3.2. Incidents within the Immediate Community

       Table 3.3. Incidents at District and National Level

       Table 3.4. Summary of Experiences of Individuals as Drawn from Timelines (1986–1999) Developed with 10 Self-Help Groups, Gulu District, February 1999

       Table 3.5. Attribution of Responsibility for 157 Instances of Damage to Personal Properties by 170 Participants in 10 Self-Help Groups, Gulu, February 1999

       Table 5.1. Crop Prices during Fieldwork Period, 1999 to 2000

       Table 5.2. Primary Schooling in Pabbo Camp, 1998

       Table 5.3. Primary School Enrolments in Palaro, Abaka, and Odek P7 Schools

       Table 6.1. Food Relief to Cwero Camp, September 1998 to March 2000

       Table 6.2. Ranking of Illnesses Treated in 961 Patients by 37 Traditional Healers in Gulu District in the Week 14-20 June 1999

       Table 6.3. List of Deaths Recorded by Fieldworkers in Awer and Pagak Camps, July 1999 to March 2000, Sorted by Age of Deceased

       Table 6.4. Explanations Given by Soldiers’ Wives in Gulu Barracks in Answer to the Question ‘Why Do You Think the HIV Infection Rate in Gulu Has Risen To Be One of the Highest in the Country?’

       Table 6.5. Women's Stated Reasons for Their Own Infection with HIV, as Given by 116 Members of an Acord Assisted Support Group for People Living with AIDS

       Table 6.6. Ranking of Risks to Health as Given in Two Focus Groups with Members of the UPDF, 3-4 June 1999

       Table 7.1. Actors Identified by 11 Members of a Youth Group in Gulu District, 8 February