Briefly: Mills' On Liberty. David Mills Daniel

people are incapable of improvement by ‘free and equal discussion’ (p. 14) ‘Despotism’ is an acceptable form of government for ‘barbarians’, provided it is aimed at their improvement (pp. 14–15).

      This argument for individual freedom is not based on any ‘idea of abstract right’ (p. 15). The ‘ultimate appeal’ in ethical matters is ‘utility’; but it must be ‘grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being’ (p. 15). These interests permit ‘external control’ of the individual only in relation to actions that affect others’ interests (p. 15). However, there are social duties which individuals should be required to perform, such as giving evidence in court or defending the country: a person may do harm by his inaction as well as his actions.