11. R. triviàlis, Michx. (Low Bush-blackberry.) Shrubby, procumbent, bristly and prickly; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1–3-flowered; petals large.—Sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.
6. DALIBÁRDA, L.
Calyx deeply 5–6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5–10, becoming nearly dry seed-like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous.—Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnæus.)
1. D. rèpens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit.—Wooded banks; common northward. June–Aug.—In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet.
7. GÈUM, L. Avens.
Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a conical or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior.—Perennial herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliny, of unknown meaning.)
§ 1. GEUM proper. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated; head of fruit sessile in the calyx; calyx-lobes reflexed.
[*] Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong; stipules small.
1. G. álbum, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent; stem slender (2° high); root-leaves of 3–5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only toothed; hairs upon the long slender peduncles ascending or spreading; receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute.—Borders of woods, etc.; common. May–Aug.
2. G. Virginiànum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; heads of fruit larger, on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs; receptacle glabrous or nearly so.—Borders of woods and low grounds; common. June–Aug.
[*][*] Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding the calyx; stipules larger and all deeply cut.
3. G. macrophýllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1–3° high); root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2–4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle nearly naked.—N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.)
4. G. stríctum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3–5° high); root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3–5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle downy.—Moist meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn., Kan., and westward. July, Aug. (Eu.)
§ 2. STÝLIPUS. Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the calyx; bractlets of the calyx none, otherwise nearly as § 1.
5. G. vérnum, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3–5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx; receptacle smooth.—Thickets, Penn. to Ill., south to Ky. and Tex. April–June.
§ 3. CARYOPHYLLÀTA. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading; petals erect.
6. G. rivàle, L. (Water, or Purple Avens.)—Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2° high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange; head of fruit stalked in the brown-purple calyx.—Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo.—Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in fruit. (Eu.)
§ 4. SIEVÉRSIA. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; head of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)
7. G. triflòrum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2´), strongly plumose in fruit.—Rocks, Lab. and northern N. Eng., to Minn. and Mo., rare. April–June.
8. G. radiàtum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate-veined (2–5´ broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5–7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole; stems (8–18´ high) 1–5-flowered; bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (½´ long), spreading; styles naked except the base. (High mountains of N. C.)
Var. Péckii, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute.—Alpine tops of the White Mts.
Dryas Octopetala, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby plant, with simple toothed leaves and large white solitary flowers, has the characters of this section excepting its 8–9-parted calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It was said by Pursh to have been found on the White Mountains, N. H., ninety years ago, but it is not known to have been seen there since.
8. WALDSTEÌNIA, Willd.
Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and deciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenes 2–6, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior.—Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3–5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.)
1. W. fragarioìdes, Tratt. (Barren Strawberry.) Low; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed, scapes several-flowered; petals longer than the calyx.—Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn.
9. FRAGÀRIA, Tourn. Strawberry.
Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenes scattered over its surface.—Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate, stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.)—Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called Wild Strawberry.)
1. F. Virginiàna, Mill. Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck, calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified; leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture; the hairs of the scapes, and especially of the pedicels, silky and appressed.—Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc.; common.
Var. Illinoénsis, Gray, is a coarser or larger plant, with flowers more inclined to be polygamo-diœcious, and the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading.—Rich soil, western N. Y. to