§ 2. ULMÀRIA. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose flowers; stipules kidney-form; pods 5–8, 1–2-seeded.
4. S. lobàta, Jacq. (Queen of the Prairie.) Glabrous (2–8° high); leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, 7–9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed; panicle compound-clustered, on a long naked peduncle; flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours.—Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., Ky., and Iowa.
§ 3. ARÚNCUS. Perennial herbs, with diœcious whitish flowers in many slender spikes, disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice pinnate; stipules obsolete; pods 3–5, several-seeded; pedicels reflexed in fruit.
5. S. Arúncus, L. (Goat's-Beard.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate.—Rich woods, N. Y. and Penn. to Ga. in the mountains, west to Iowa and Mo.
3. PHYSOCÁRPUS, Maxim. Nine-bark.
Carpels 1–5, inflated, 2-valved; ovules 2–4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30–40. Otherwise as Spiræa.—Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs of white flowers. (Name from φῦσα, a bladder, and καρπός, fruit.)
1. P. opulifòlius, Maxim. Shrub 4–10° high, with long recurved branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers; leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and heart-shaped; the purplish membranaceous pods very conspicuous. (Spiræa opulifolia, L. Neillia opulifolia, Benth. & Hook.)—Rocky banks of streams, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mo., and the Pacific northward. Often cultivated.
4. GILLÈNIA, Moench. Indian Physic.
Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed; teeth erect. Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10–20, included. Pods 5, included, at first lightly cohering with each other, 2–4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close coriaceous coat, and some albumen.—Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure German botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.)
1. G. trifoliàta, Moench. (Bowman's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, cut-serrate; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire.—Rich woods, N. Y. to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich., Ind., and Mo.
2. G. stipulàcea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised.—Western N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind. and Kan., south to Ala. and La.
5. RÙBUS, Tourn. Bramble.
Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming small drupes; styles nearly terminal.—Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman name, kindred with ruber, red.)
§ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately.—Raspberry.
[*] Leaves simple; flowers large; prickles none; fruit and receptacle flat and broad.
1. R. odoràtus, L. (Purple Flowering-Raspberry.) Stem shrubby (3–5° high); branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs; leaves 3–5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one prolonged; peduncles many-flowered; flowers showy (2´ broad); calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow appendage; petals rounded, purple rose-color; fruit reddish.—N. Scotia to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich.
2. R. Nutkànus, Moçino. (Salmon-berry.) Glandular, scarcely bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white.—Upper Mich., Minn., and westward.
3. R. Chamæmòrus, L. (Cloud-berry. Baked-apple Berry.) Herbaceous, low, diœcious; stem simple, 2–3-leaved, 1-flowered; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless; petals obovate, white; fruit of few grains, amber-color.—In sphagnous swamps, highest peaks of White Mts., coast of E. Maine, and north and west to the Arctic regions. (Eu.)
[*][*] Leaflets (pinnately or pedately) 3–5; petals small, erect, white.
[+] Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly; fruit of few separate grains.
4. R. triflòrus, Richardson. (Dwarf Raspberry.) Stems ascending (6–12´ high) or trailing, leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth; peduncle 1–3-flowered.—Wooded hillsides, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. This appears to be more properly a blackberry.
[+][+] Stems biennial and woody, prickly; receptacle oblong; fruit hemispherical.
5. R. strigòsus, Michx. (Wild Red Raspberry.) Stems upright, and with the stalks, etc., beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3–5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile; petals as long as the sepals; fruit light red.—Thickets and hills, Lab. to N. J., and south in the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.
6. R. occidentàlis, L. (Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.) Glaucous all over; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, etc., with hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked; petals shorter than the sepals; fruit purple-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July.—Common, especially northward.—An apparent hybrid (R. neglectus, Peck) between this and the last species occurs, with characters intermediate between the two, and growing with them.
§ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy prolonged receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickly and flowers white.—Blackberry.
7. R. villòsus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby (1–6° high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate, the terminal ones somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers racemed, numerous; bracts short; sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals.—Borders of thickets, etc., common, and very variable in size, aspect, and shape of fruit.—Var. frondòsus, Torr., is smoother and much less glandular, with flowers more corymbose, leafy bracts and roundish petals. With the type, more common at the north.—Var. humifùsus, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and trailing, with peduncles few-flowered. More common southward, and connecting with the next species.
8. R. Canadénsis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.) Shrubby, extensively trailing, slightly prickly; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5–7), oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate; flowers racemed, with leaf-like bracts.—Dry fields, common; Newf. to Va., west to central Minn. and E. Kan.
9. R. híspidus, L. (Running Swamp-Blackberry.) Stems slender, scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly; flowers small; fruit of few grains,