Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. Cannabineæ, in Urticaceæ, 461
Stipules scarious (or none); leaves opposite. Illecebraceæ, 426
Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. Amarantaceæ, 427
Stipules and scarious bracts none. Chenopodiaceæ, 430
Shrubs or trees.
Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.
Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineæ, in Sapindaceæ, 115
Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. Oleaceæ, 335
Ovules single in each cell of the
Three-nine-celled ovary; leaves heath-like. Empetraceæ, 487
Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. Rhamnaceæ, 111
One–two-celled ovary; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Urticaceæ, 461
One-celled ovary; style and stigma single and entire.
Anthers opening longitudinally. Thymelæaceæ, 448
Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Lauraceæ, 446
B. Flowers monœcious or diœcious, one or both sorts in catkins.
1. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.
Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. Urticaceæ, 461
Fertile flowers single or clustered; sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus).
Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. Juglandaceæ, 467
Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1–3 in an involucre or cup. Cupuliferæ, 470
2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.
Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in Hamamelideæ, 180
Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end. Salicaceæ, 480
Ovary 1–2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded.
Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. Loranthaceæ, 449
Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.
Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. Urticaceæ, 461
Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.
Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads. Platanaceæ, 466
Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. Cupuliferæ, 470
Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, waxy-coated or drupe like. Myricaceæ, 469
Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMÆ. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monœcious or diœcious. Coniferæ, 489
Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.)
A. Spadiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Araceæ and Naiadaceæ, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins.
Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. Lemnaceæ, 551
Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. Naiadaceæ, 557
Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves; flowers in spikes or heads.
Flowers monœcious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. Typhaceæ, 547
Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6. Acorus, in Araceæ, 550
Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct netted-veined blade, petioled. Araceæ, 548
B. Petaloideous Division. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly glumaceous in Juncaceæ).
1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary.
Flowers diœcious (or rarely perfect), regular.
Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous. Hydrocharidaceæ, 495
Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. Dioscoreaceæ, 517
Flowers perfect; ovules and seeds usually numerous.
Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous. Orchidaceæ, 497
Stamens three.
Anthers introrse, opening transversely. Burmanniaceæ, 496
Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. Hæmodoraceæ, 512
Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. Iridaceæ, 513
Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. Amaryllidaceæ, 515
2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary.
Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. Hæmodoraceæ, 512
Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, etc., in Liliaceæ, 517
3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary.
Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. Alismaceæ, 553
Pistil one, compound (cells or placentæ mostly 3).
Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy; flowers not in dense heads.
Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.
Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. Bromeliaceæ, 511
Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from the axis; seed without albumen. Juncagineæ, in Naiadaceæ, 557
Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen.
Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. Liliaceæ, 517
Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 colored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in Liliaceæ, 517
Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent petals. Commelinaceæ, 538
Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.
Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal. Commelinaceæ, 538
Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. Pontederiaceæ, 535
Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. Mayaceæ, 537
Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. Juncaceæ, 539
Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very dense heads.