Инновационный менеджмент. Учебное пособие. С. В. Короткий

Института мировой экономики и международных отношений РАН с целью определить самый значимый вклад в XX в. для будущего человечества пришло к однозначному выводу: главное влияние на всю нашу жизнь, на развитие экономики в мире оказывает и еще долго будет оказывать создание национальных инновационных систем, которые оформились в последние десятилетия (НИС – элемент экономики, главная задача и свойство которого – генерировать постоянный поток нововведений на рынке).

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