aestus maritimi mutuo accedentes et recedentes (N. D. 2. 53. 132) – the alternation of tides.
aestus ex alto se incitat (B. G. 3.12) – the tide is coming in.
aestu rursus minuente– when the tide begins to go down.
mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur– there is a storm at sea.
mare medium or internum9– the Mediterranean Sea.
4. Fire
ignem facere, accendere– to light, make a fire.
ignem tectis inferre, subicere– to set fire to houses.
ignem concipere, comprehendere– to take fire.
ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51) – to make up, stir up a fire.
ignem alere– to keep up a fire.
accendere, incendere aedificia– to set buildings on fire.
inflammare urbem– to set fire to a city.
flammis corripi– to be devoured by the flames.
incendio flagrare, or simply conflagrare, ardere (Liv. 30. 7) – to be on fire, in flames.
incendio deleri, absūmi– to be burned to ashes.
igni cremari, necari– to perish in the flames.
ignem conclamare– to raise an alarm of fire.
ventus ignem distulit (B. G. 5. 43) – the wind spread the conflagration.
5. Air – Sky – Climate – Heavenly Bodies
aer terrae circumiectus or circumfusus– the atmosphere.
aer qui est terrae proximus– the atmosphere.
suspicere 10 (in) caelum– to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.
oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum– to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.
sub divo– in the open air.
orbis finiens (Div. 2. 44. 92) – the horizon.
caelum or natura caeli– climate.
caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli (opp. grave, gravitas) – healthy climate.
caeli temperatio– temperate climate.
aer calore et frigore temperatus– temperate climate.
caeli asperitas– rough climate.
caeli varietas– variable climate.
caelestia– (1) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial phenomena.
sol oritur, occidit– the sun rises, sets.
ortus, occasus solis– sunrise; sunset.
sol 11(luna) deficit, obscuratur– the sun, moon, is eclipsed.
solis defectio– an eclipse of the sun.
luna crescit; decrescit, senescit– the moon waxes, wanes.
motus stellarum constantes et rati– the regular courses of the stars.
cursum conficere in caelo– to run its course in the sky.
caelum astris distinctum et ornatum– the star-lit sky; the firmament.
nox sideribus illustris– a star-light night.
stellae errantes, vagae– the planets.
stellae inerrantes (N. D. 2. 21. 54) – the fixed stars.
sidera certis locis infixa– the fixed stars.
orbis lacteus– the milky way.
orbis signifer– the zodiac.
vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli– the pole.
orbis, pars (terrae), cingulus– a zone.
orbis medius– the temperate zone.
6. Natural Phenomena
vocis imago, or simply imago12– an echo.
saxa voci respondent or resonant– the rocks re-echo.
ventus remittit (opp. increbrescit) – the wind is falling.
ventus cadit, cessat– the wind dies down, ceases.
ventis secundis, adversis uti– to have favourable, contrary, winds.
ventus se vertit in Africum– the wind is turning to the south-west.
tempestas cooritur– a storm is rising.
imber tenet (Liv. 23. 44. 6) – the rain continues.
imbres repente effusi– a sudden shower.
tempestatem idoneam, bonam nancisci– to meet with good weather.
calor se frangit (opp. increscit) – the heat is abating.
sol ardet, urit– the sun burns, scorches.
ardore solis torreri– to be dried up by the sun's heat.
tanta vis frigoris insecuta est, ut– the frost set in so severely that…
frigore (gelu) rigere, torpere– to be numb with cold.
frigore confici– to freeze to death.
aestus et frigoris patientem esse– to be able to bear heat and cold.
tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque (Liv. 1. 16) – a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder.
caelum tonitru contremit– the heavens are shaken by the thunder.
fulmina 13 micant– the lightning flashes.
fulmen locum tetigit– the lightning has struck somewhere.
fulmine tangi, ici– to be struck by lightning.
de caelo tangi, percuti– to be struck by lightning.
fulmine ictus– struck by lightning.
eruptiones ignium Aetnaeorum– an eruption of Etna.
Vesuvius evomit (more strongly eructat) ignes– Vesuvius is discharging flame.
venti ab ortu solis flant– the east winds are blowing.
II. Space and Time
1. Points of the Compass – Situation
spectare in (vergere ad) orientem (solem), occidentem 14 (solem), ad meridiem, in septentriones– to lie to the east, west, south, north.
spectare inter occasum solis et septentriones– to be situate to the north-west.
Germania quae or Germaniae ea pars quae, ad orientem, occidentem vergit– eastern, western Germany.
est a septentrionibus collis– a hill lies to the north.
situs loci– the situation of a place.
natura loci– the natural position of a place.
opportunitas