47
Martin André Rosanoff, Edison in His Laboratory, Harper’s Magazine (September 1932), https://harpers.org/archive/1932/09/edison-in-his-laboratory/.
48
Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 56–57.
49
Дело «Григгс против Duke Power Company», 1971. Однако тест на определение IQ и аналогичные тесты по-прежнему могут использоваться в качестве предикторов эффективности работы, если это не приводит к дискриминации по расовым, религиозным, национальным или гендерным признакам.
50
William E. Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test: Noncognitive Assessment in Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004), 61–63.
51
Catherine Rampell, SAT Scores and Family Income, New York Times, August 27, 2009, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/sat-scores-and-family-income/; Zachary Goldfarb, These Four Charts Show How the SAT Favors Rich, Educated Families, Washington Post, March 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/03/05/these-four-charts-show-how-the-sat-favors-the-rich-educated-families/; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 68.
52
Aamer Madhani, University of Chicago Becomes the First Elite College to Make SAT, ACT Optional for Applicants, USA Today, June 14, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/14/university-chicago-sat-act-optional/701153002/.
53
Anemona Hartocollis, University of California Is Sued over Use of SAT and ACT, New York Times, December 10, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/us/sat-act-uc-lawsuit.html.
54
См., например, Lenora Chu, Little Soldiers: An American Boy, a Chinese School, and the Global Race to Achieve (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 252; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 60.
55
Caitlin Macy, AP Tests Are Still a Great American Equalizer, Wall Street Journal, February 22, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ap-tests-are-still-a-great-american-equalizer-11550854920.
56
См., например, Caroline Goldenberg, School Removes AP Courses for Incoming Freshmen, Horace Mann Record, June 5, 2018, https://record.horacemann.org/2078/uncategorized/school-removes-ap-courses-for-incoming-freshman-class/.
57
Adam Grant, What Straight-A Students Get Wrong, New York Times, December 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/08/opinion/college-gpa-career-success.html.
58
Tom Clynes, How to Raise a Genius, Nature (September 7, 2016), https://www.nature.com/news/how-to-raise-a-genius-lessons-from-a-45-year-study-of-super-smart-children-1.20537.
59
Nancy Andreasen, The Creating Brain: The Neuroscience of Genius (New York: Dana Foundation, 2005), 10–13. См. также: Barbara Burks, Dortha Jensen, and Lewis Terman, Genetic Studies of Genius, vol. 3: The Promise of Youth: Follow-Up Studies of a Thousand Gifted Students (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1930).
60
Marjorie Garber, Our Genius Problem, The Atlantic (December 2002), https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/12/our-genius-problem/308435/.
61
Malcolm Jones, How Darwin and Lincoln Shaped Us, Newsweek (June 28, 2008), https://www.newsweek.com/how-darwin-and-lincoln-shaped-us-91091.
62
Thomas Montalbo, Churchill: A Study in Oratory: Seven Lessons in Speechmaking from One of the Greatest Orators of All Time, International Churchill Society, https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-069/churchill-a-study-in-oratory/.
63
Ann Hulbert, Off the Charts: The Hidden Lives and Lessons of American Child Prodigies (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2018), 56; Andrew Robinson, Is High Intelligence Necessary to be a Genius?, Psychology Today (January 2, 2011), https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sudden-genius/201101/is-high-intelligence-necessary-be-genius.
64
J. K. Rowling, Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and the Importance of Imagination (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), 23.
65
Walter Isaacson, Albert Einstein: His Life and Universe (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 48.
66
Duncan Clark, Alibaba: The House That Jack Ma Built (New York: HarperCollins, 2016), 44.
67
Michael Barrier, The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 18–19.
68
Jaime Sabartés, Picasso: An Intimate Portrait (London: W. H. Allen, 1948), 36–39. См. также: Roland Penrose, Picasso: His Life and Work, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 18–19; Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 33.
69
Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983), esp. chap. 4.
70
Rowling, Very Good Lives, 11–23.
71
Alison Flood, JK Rowling’s Writing Advice: Be a Gryffindor, Guardian, January 8, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2019/jan/08/jk-rowlings-writing-advice-be-a-gryffindor.