15
Giorgio Vasari, The Lives of the Artists, translated by Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991), 284.
16
Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Leonardo da Vinci (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 179.
17
Carmen C. Bambach, Michelangelo: Divine Draftsman and Designer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), 35, 39.
18
Цитируется по: Helia Phoenix, Lady Gaga: Just Dance The Biography (London: Orion Books, 2010), 84.
19
Lewis Lockwood, Beethoven: The Music and the Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 12.
20
Tom Lutz, Viewers Angry After Michael Phelps Loses Race to Computer-Generated Shark, Guardian, July 24, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/24/michael-phelps-swimming-race-shark-discovery-channel.
21
Danielle Allentuck, Simone Biles Takes Gymnastics to a New Level. Again, New York Times, August 9, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/sports/gymnastics-simone-biles.html.
22
Sade Strehlke, How August Cover Star Simone Biles Blazes Through Expectations, Teen Vogue (June 30, 2016), https://www.teenvogue.com/story/simone-biles-summer-olympics-cover-august-2016.
23
Simone Biles Teaches Gymnastic Fundamentals, MasterClass, 2019, lesson 3, at 0:50.
24
Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (London: MacMillan, 1869), http://galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/1869-FirstEdition/hereditarygenius1869galt.pdf, 1.
25
О селекции лошадей см.: Allison Schrager, Secretariat’s Kentucky Derby Record Is Safe, Thanks to the Taxman, Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/secretariats-kentucky-derby-record-is-safe-thanks-to-the-taxman-11556920680. О биологическом детерминизме в целом см.: Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), chap. 5.
26
Robert Plomin, Nature and Nurture: An Introduction to Human Behavioral Genetics (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004).
27
Andrew Robinson, Sudden Genius? The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 9.
28
Там же, 256.
29
Dean Keith Simonton, Talent and Its Development: An Emergenic and Epigenetic Model, Psychological Review 106, no. 3 (July 1999): 440.
30
David T. Lykken, The Genetics of Genius, in Genius and the Mind: Studies of Creativity and Temperament, edited by Andrew Steptoe (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998), 28; Robinson, Sudden Genius?, 256.
31
Havelock Ellis, A Study of British Genius (London: Hurst and Blackett, 2017 [1904]), 94 ff.
32
Gilbert Gottlieb, Normally Occurring Environmental and Behavioral Influences on Gene Activity: From Central Dogma to Probabilistic Epigenesis, Psychological Review 105, no. 3 (1995): 792–802.
33
K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Römer, The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance, Psychological Review 100, vol. 3 (July 1993): 363–406. См. также: John A. Sloboda, Jane W. Davidson, Michael J. A. Howe, and Derek G. Moore, The Role of Practice in the Development of Performing Musicians, British Journal of Psychology 87 (May 1996): 287–309.
34
Ericsson et al., The Role of Deliberate Practice, 397.
35
Ellen Winner, Gifted Children: Myths and Realities (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3.
36
О карьере Сезанна см.: Alex Danchev, Cézanne: A Life (New York: Random House, 2012), 106, 110, 116; Lawrence Gowing, Cézanne: The Early Years (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988), 110.
37
La Voz de Galicia, February 21, 1895, quoted in John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 1881–1906 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 55.
38
Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 67.
39
David W. Galenson, Old Masters and Young Geniuses (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 24.
40
Там же, 23.
41
Danchev, Cézanne, 12.
42
’The Father of Us All’, Artsy, February 6, 2014, https://www.artsy.net/article/matthew-the-father-of-us-all.
43
Brooke N. MacNamara, David Z. Hambrick, and Frederick L. Oswald, Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-analysis, Psychological Science 8 (July 2014): 1608–1618.
44
К этому имейлу от 4 августа 2019 года Чен сделал следующую приписку: «P. S. Я прочитал это своей (китайской) матери, и она не согласилась с цифрами 20 и 80 процентов. Мама ставит на первое место труд: 80 процентов труд и 20 процентов удача и возможности. Менталитет матери-тигрицы, верно? Интересно, почему разные культуры и воспитание способны так сильно влиять на мнение человека по данным вопросам?»
45
Подробнее об истории стандартизированных тестов на определение IQ см.: Simonton, Talent and Its Development, 440–448;