Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention. Surya K. De. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Surya K. De
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Серия:
Жанр произведения: Медицина
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9783527838578
Скачать книгу
carriers. N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (2): 123–134.

      68 68 Awad, K., Dalby, M., Cree, I.A. et al. (2019). The precision medicine approach to cancer therapy: Part 1: solid tumors. Pharm. J. https://doi.org/10.1211/PJ.2019.20207119.

      69 69 Bashraheel, S.S., Domling, A., and Goda, S.K. (2020). Update on targeted cancer therapies, single or in combination, and their fine tuning for precision medicine. Biomed. Pharmacother. 125: 110009.

      70 70 Doroshow, D.B. and Doroshow, J.H. (2020). Genomics and the history of precision oncology. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 29 (1): 35–49.

      71 71 Krzyszczyk, P., Acevedo, A., Davidoff, E.J. et al. (2018). The growing role of precision and personalized medicine for cancer treatment. Technology (Singap. World Sci.) 6 (3–4): 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2339547818300020. Epub 2019 Jan 11. PMID: 30713991; PMCID: PMC6352312.

      72 72 Shaban‐Nejad, A., Michalowski, M., Peek, N. et al. (2020). Seven pillars of precision digital health and medicine. Artif. Intell. Med. 103: 101793.

      73 73 Wilson, J.L. and Altman, R.B. (2018). Biomarkers: delivering on the expectation of molecularly driven, quantitative health. Exp. Biol. Med. 243 (3): 313–322.

      74 74 Zou, J. and Wang, E. (2019). Cancer biomarker discovery for precision medicine: new progress. Curr. Med. Chem. 26 (42): 7655–7671.

      75 75 American Cancer Society (2018). Genes and cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/genetics/genes-and-cancer.html (accessed 19 October 2018).

      76 76 American Cancer Society (2018). Types of stem cell transplants for cancer treatment. https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/stem-cell-transplant/types-of-transplants.html (accessed 19 October 2018).

      77 77 Cancer.Net (2018). The genetics of cancer. https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/cancer-basics/genetics/genetics-cancer (accessed 10 January 2018).

      78 78 Medical News Today, and Nall, R. (2018). What to know about cancer. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323648.php (accessed 19 October 2018).

      79 79 National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Cancer Institute (2018). Targeted cancer therapies. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies/targeted-therapies-fact-sheet (accessed 19 October 2018).

      80 80 National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Cancer Institute (2018). Precision medicine in cancer treatment. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/precision-medicine (accessed 20 October 2018).

      81 81 World Health Organization (WHO) Cancer (2018). Key facts. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer (accessed 15 October 2018).

      82 82 Eggert, J. (ed.) (2017). Cancer Basics, 2e. Pittsburgh: Oncology Nursing Society.

      2.1 Introduction

      Cancer prevention therefore includes adopting behaviors and habits that reduce the risk of developing cancer, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to known cancer‐causing substances, getting recommended cancer screenings, and taking medicines or vaccines that can prevent many types of cancer from developing [1–136].

      Estrogens are a group of hormones that function in human sexual and reproductive development, mostly in women. Although these hormones have essential physiological roles in both sexes, they have also been linked with an increased risk of many cancers. For example, undertaking combined menopausal hormone therapy, consisting of estrogen plus progestin (a synthetic version of the female hormone progesterone), can increase the risk of breast cancer in women. Menopausal hormone therapy using estrogen alone may increase the risk of endometrial cancer, and it is used only in women who have had a hysterectomy. Women considering menopausal hormone therapy should discuss possible risks and benefits with a medical specialist.

      Researchers have discovered that a woman's risk of breast cancer is related to the estrogen and progesterone produced by her ovaries, which are known as endogenous estrogen and progesterone [1–12]. Exposure to a high level of these hormones, or over a lengthy period of time, has been associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. High levels of exposure can be caused by starting menstruation early, going through menopause late, having a first pregnancy late in life, or never giving birth. Conversely, however, giving birth is also a protective factor with regard to developing breast cancer.

Schematic illustration of HPV infection causes several types of cancers.

      Other practical ways to reduce exposure to pathogens linked to cancer development are having safe