Fundamentals of Cancer Detection, Treatment, and Prevention. Surya K. De

option compared to surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Over the past few decades, scientists have discovered new ways to boost the human body's immune response to cancer. Currently, immunotherapy consists of either stimulating the immune system to more effectively overcome cancer or supplementing the immune system with special synthetic proteins or other tools that work against cancer cells [47,52,53,62,63]. An example of immunotherapy is the development of the HPV vaccine, which is now recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

      1.11.6 Hormone Therapy

It is a consideration for some cancers, such as breast or prostate cancer, that are sensitive to hormones. Drugs are available, which block the body's normal signals to produce certain hormones, preventing hormone‐dependent cancers from continued growth. Although this sounds simple, any drugs that change the natural processes of the body include risk of side effects. Hormone therapy is frequently used with other treatments, and specialists work with each patient to determine when and how to administer it, the amount and duration of doses, and to gauge individual responses to treatment [65,66].

      1.11.7 Stem Cell Transplant

      It is a method used to restore the body's ability to produce new blood cells after a patient has undergone other forms of aggressive cancer treatment [5]. For certain types of cancer, very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation are required to destroy the cancer cells, but cells that produce blood are also destroyed in the process. In this case, stem cells are administered along with a blood transfusion. Stem cells are collected either from the patient before cancer treatment or from a donor. After stem cell treatment, it takes two to four weeks for an individual's body to recover and begin producing blood cells again. As with other treatments, there are risks involved, including the possibility that the stem cells will not settle in the bone marrow and begin producing blood cells as intended. When that occurs, it is deemed a failed treatment, and the process may be repeated.

      1.11.8 Precision Medicine

      It differs from other forms of cancer treatment in that it is focused on genetic changes particular to each individual's cancer to determine the most effective treatment options for countering it. Although precision medicine may involve various forms of traditional cancer treatment, it considers the genetic particularities of each individual's cancer to offer a more specialized treatment plan [68–74].

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