Biodiesel Production. Группа авторов

Conclusion References 18 Heterogeneous Catalytic Routes for Bio‐glycerol‐Based Acrylic Acid Synthesis 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Propylene 18.3 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Glycerol 18.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 19 Sustainability, Commercialization, and Future Prospects of Biodiesel Production 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Biodiesel as a Promising Renewable Energy Carrier 19.3 Overview of the Biodiesel Production Process 19.4 Evolution in the Feedstocks Used for the Sustainable Production of Biodiesel 19.5 First‐Generation Biodiesel and the Challenges in Its Sustainability 19.6 Development of Second‐Generation Biodiesel to Address the Sustainability 19.7 Algae‐Based Biodiesel 19.8 Waste Oils, Grease, and Animal Fats in Biodiesel Production 19.9 Technical Impact by the Biodiesel Usage 19.10 Socioeconomic Impacts 19.11 Toxicological Impact 19.12 Sustainability Challenges in the Biodiesel Production and Use 19.13 Concluding Remarks References 20 Advanced Practices in Biodiesel Production 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Mechanism of Transesterification 20.3 Advanced Biodiesel Production Technologies 20.4 Conclusion 20.5 Future Perspectives References

      10  Index

      11  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Main feedstocks of biodiesel.Table 1.2 Homogeneous catalysts and reaction conditions used for alkaline t...Table 1.3 Biodiesel specifications according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 sta...

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Feedstock for biodiesel classified according to type.Table 2.2 Traditional catalyzed conversions using acids, bases, enzymes, or...Table 2.3 Modern approaches in biodiesel production from nonedible/waste fe...

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Non‐edible oilsTable 3.2 Fatty acids composition of non‐edible oils and relative biodiesel...

      4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Comparison of oil yield between microalgae and oil crops.Table 4.2 Different species of microalgae with their total lipid content [1...

      5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Homogeneous acid‐catalyzed biodiesel synthesis.Table 5.2 Homogeneous base‐catalyzed biodiesel synthesis.Table 5.3 Properties of biodiesel produced from homogeneous acid and base c...

      6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Catalytic performance of CaO.Table 6.2 Catalytic performance of multimetal oxides.Table 6.3 Catalytic performance of metal oxides.

      7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Synthesis of biodiesel using different catalyst and supported cat...

      8 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Summary of some previous developments in mixed metal oxide catalys...Table 8.2 Summary of some recent developments in mixed metal oxide catalyst...Table 8.3 Summary of how certain metals/metal oxides can influence catalyst...Table 8.4 Kinetic data from recent studies.Table 8.5 Symbols and abbreviations used throughout this chapter.

      9 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Different metal‐based nanocatalysts used in the production of bio...

      10 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Physical properties of cation‐exchange resins.Table 10.2 Phase conditions of methanol/triglyceride mixtures.Table 10.3 Steady‐state triglyceride conversions during continuous biodiese...Table 10.4 Physical properties of anion‐exchange resins.

      11 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Solid acid–base bifunctional catalyst used for biodiesel/FAME p...Table 11.2 Different Brønsted–Lewis acid bifunctional solid catalyst used f...Table 11.3 Different biowaste‐derived solid bifunctional catalysts for biod...

      12 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...Table 12.2 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...Table 12.3 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...Table 12.4 Summary of the production of biodiesel using catalysts from diff...

      13 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Acidic and basic ionic liquids in biodiesel production.Table 13.2 Supported ionic liquids in biodiesel production.Table 13.3 IL lipase co‐catalysts in biodiesel production.Table 13.4 Novel technologies of biodiesel production and optimization usin...Table 13.5 Reusability of ILs in biodiesel production.

      14 Chapter 14Table 14.1 The transesterification results over different catalysts.

      15 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Oil content, total acid number (TAN) in different types of feeds...

      16 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Overview of intensified reactors for biodiesel production.

      17 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Synthesis of biodiesel using ultrasonic techniques.Table 20.2 Yield of biodiesel using cosolvent techniques.Table 20.3 Yield of biodiesel by the process of reactive distillation.

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 General reaction for transesterification of vegetable oil.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Catalyzed conversion of triglyceride and

Скачать книгу