Smart Grids and Micro-Grids. Umashankar Subramaniam

10kW, which was changed to 5kW at t=3.5 sec. At t=2.5 sec, Q_ref was set to 1kVAr, subsequently changed to zero value at t=5 sec. At t=7 sec, P_ref was set to -1kW so that the power can be drawn from the grid to charge the battery. From the waveform, it is evident that the controller could track the reference power as stated by the EMS of the microgrid. Also, during the time up to 7 sec, the battery SOC and battery voltage were decreasing as ESS was discharging to supply the power to the grid.

To show that the controller would work for the case when the battery converter system is in islanded mode, i.e., Mode_command = 0 is received from the EMS, the battery converter system is made to maintain the PCC voltage. Initially, the system was operated in grid-connected mode and was supplying 10k W of real power to the grid. At t=1 sec, the grid was disconnected and reference voltage to be maintained at PCC is given to the controller. At 1.5 sec, the battery converter system is again connected back to the grid. Figure 2.10 shows the result for this case. From the waveforms, it is clear that the converter was able to maintain the PCC voltage even for the case when the grid was disconnected and again connected back to the grid.

Figure 2.9 Performance of the controller when the battery converter system is in grid connected mode.

Figure 2.10 Waveform of PCC voltage, real and reactive power exchanged fed for the condition when the battery converter system switches between grid-connected mode and islanded mode.

2.6 Conclusion

      With the high demand for integration and implementation of renewable energy sources (RES) to the microgrid due to climate change policies, the requirement of ESS and its control is expanding. Hence, the need and availability of ESS and its category is briefly explained with the assessment. Moreover, power converters play an incredibly significant role in the integration of RES and ESS to the microgrid. The categories, needs and applications of power electronics converters were also presented. To discuss the control and design of battery integrated dc and ac microgrid system, the MATLAB-Simulink model is developed. Different case studies prove the fact that the controller can perform satisfactorily.

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      *Corresponding author: [email protected]