Smart Grids and Micro-Grids. Umashankar Subramaniam

1.6 as shown in Figure 1.6(a). A solar system analyzer was used to record the various circuit parameters of PV panel and the data recorded for the irradiance of 929 W/m² with the operating temperature of 36.9^°C is given in Table 1.5. Figure 1.6(b) and 1.6(c) represents the I-V and P-V characteristics of PV panel experimental results compared with the simulation results obtained from NR technique for the irradiance of 929 W/m² with the operating temperature of 36.9^°C as presented in Table 1.7. The results have highlighted that the simulated I-V and P-V characteristics have good agreement with experimental characteristics.

       1.4.3 Comparative Analysis

The parameters of SDM are obtained using various analytical and heuristic based optimization techniques in the literature. Tables 1.8 and 1.9 presents the results of maximum voltage, current and power obtained at the MPP of SDM solar PV using Sandia model, solution using simulation of equivalent parameters, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), GS and NR method. On calculating the absolute error (AE) of maximum power (70 W) obtained at STC for Shell SP70 using various techniques presented, the AE is minimum (0.112) using NR technique compared to other approaches. Similarly, the parameter estimation of SDM were solved by calculating the root mean square error or AE using various heuristic optimization technique like adaptive differential evolution algorithm [3], Flower Pollination Algorithm [11], slime mould optimization algorithm [7] and so on. However, these optimization techniques are stochastic and implementation of these techniques in real-time requires large number of iteration for its convergence which is not suitable for MPP estimation.

Figure 1.4 Simulation results of KD245GX (a) P-V characteristics (b) I-V characteristics.

Figure 1.5 Simulation results of SHELL SP70 (a) P-V characteristics (b) I-V characteristics.

Table 1.6 Experimental data observed from the HST60FXXXP PV module.

T (°C)	G (W/m2)	A	Rse	Rsh	ILG	Isat	Vmpp	Impp	Pmpp
36.9	929	0.8055	0.2716	7.09E4	7.9896	1.62E-11	30.001	4.7991	147.33

Figure 1.6 (a) Experimental set up of HST60FXXXP 250 W SPV panel (b) Simulated and experimental I-V curves (c) Simulated and experimental P-V curves.

Table 1.7 I-V and P-V data obtained from NR simulation and experimental set up of HST60FXXXP 250 W SPV Panel.

NR- simulation results			Experimental results
V(V)	I(A)	P(W)	V(V)	I(A)	P(W)
37	0	0	37	0	0
33	4.0363	133.2	32.2	4.0559	130.6
31.5	4.8432	152.56	30.001	4.7991	147.33
21.2	5.6833	120.5	21	5.5242	116.01
20	5.775	115.5	19.8	5.5278	109.45
0	8.65	0	0	8.45	0

Table 1.8 Comparative analysis on voltage and current at MPP for Shell SP70 panel with T=25°C.

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	Sandia model [22]		Based on equivalent parameters [18]		ANFIS [18]		GS [15]		NR