Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Физика
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119818793
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the type of starting raw material, design of reactor, reaction conditions and use of suitable catalyst cumulatively influence the APR reactions. APR was first popularized by Cortright et al. [37], who demonstrated mainly hydrogen production from oxygenated hydrocarbons extracted from renewable biomass and biomass waste streams. They carried the reaction at relatively low temperature and pressure (473–523 K, 15–50 bar) in single-reactor aqueous-phase reforming process using a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst and were able to generate hydrogen-rich fuel gas with high purity and yield. Since then, numerous substrates have been tested for H2 production.

      Based on origin, the biomass is classified into five different groups:

      1 i) Wood and woody biomass

      2 ii) Herbaceous biomass

      3 iii) Aquatic biomass

      4 iv) Animal and human waste biomass

      5 v) Biomass mixtures and municipal biomass.

Schematic illustration of different methods for biomass transformation to fuels and value-added chemicals. Schematic illustration of different sources of biomass.

      3.3.1 Wood and Woody Biomass

      The woody biomass mainly composed of carbohydrates and lignin is the most common renewable source in current world. It commonly consists of residual parts of trees, roots, bark and leaves of woody species [49]. Urban and agriculture waste, non-merchant timber, post-consumption wood wastes as well as production residues all comes under woody biomass. In short, it includes wood-based biomass obtained from forest and wood industry. The bark, wood blocks wood chips and logs obtained from forest as forest by-products, all fall under this category. Moreover, residues like saw dust, slabs and off-cut contributed by sawmill and timber mill industries are termed as industrial wood biomass.

      3.3.2 Herbaceous Biomass

      It is also called as non-woody biomass broadly includes agricultural residues, native plants, and non-wood plant fibers. Energy crops which come under nonwoody biomass, are specifically grown for their fuel value. These crops have good energy density, grow fast, require low nutrients and maintenance cost with maximum biomass yield. Usually, these are grown in barren lands with little irrigation and fertilizer investment, and therefore don’t interfere with the food plant cultivation. These include dry lignocellulosic woody and herbaceous energy crops (e.g. short rotation crop, miscanthus crop), oil energy crops and starch energy crops [50].

      3.3.3 Aquatic Biomass

      3.3.4 Animal and Human Waste Biomass

      The remnants of animal such as bone, organic waste from slaughter house and fishery animal dung, and human dung are classified as animal waste biomass [49]. Earlier, animal dung was used mainly as fertilizer or kitchen fuel. However, a huge amount of waste used to be simply spread on fertile land which was the reason for many environmental issues and later crafted into waste-energy conversion. Biogas obtained from anaerobic digestion of above organic waste is an attractive alternative of kitchen fuel or converting gas energy into electric energy.

      3.3.5 Biomass Mixtures and Municipal Biomass

      In some cases, when several substrates belonging to different classes, mentioned above, are in mixed form and are classified in this category [52]. Municipal generated biomass is organic waste rich in carbohydrates that have great potential to be utilized as renewable energy source. It ranges from food waste to paper or any material collected from residential or commercial place. Broadly, it is classified into three major categories such as municipal solid waste, municipal sewage, and urban wood biomass [53]. The characteristics of municipal biomass differ a lot in developing and developed countries. It is available in relatively huge amount in urban areas and need proper waste management program. Through direct combustion or anaerobic digestion in landfills or processing plants, municipal waste can convert into energy. Similarly, waste from sewage which is also substantial source of biomass can be subjected to energy production using anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis or drying