Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Физика
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119818793
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produces the gases, ash and solid reminiscent [11], Aqueous phase reforming involve chemical transformation of sugars obtained from the hydrolysis of cellulose or hemicellulose to platform chemicals such as levulinic acid and furfural which can be further upgraded to value added chemicals and fuels [12–14].

      3.2.1 Pyrolysis

      Pyrolysis is one of the important processes for the transformation of biomass to energy. During the pyrolysis the biomass is heated at high temperature with a higher heating rate and cleaves the chemical bonds present in the components of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The products of pyrolysis are oxygenates which are formed from the depolymerization of the biomass made up of phenol, furan and aromatic derivatives. Oxygenates also known as bio-oils can be produced from other liquefaction technologies such as hydrothermal and solvothermal liquefaction, which is usually carried out under high pressure and low temperatures. Depending on the process involved bio-oils obtained have different properties with different oxygen content, carbon percentage, water content and viscosity. The bio-oils are oxygen rich; it is required to selectively reduce the oxygen content for the application as the transportation fuel [15].

      3.2.2 Gasification

      3.2.3 Aqueous Phase Reforming Aqueous Phase Reforming

      Aqueous phase reforming (APR) has certainly gained attention as most promising and suitable alternative for production of hydrogen as well as alkanes from lignocellulosic biomasses. The APR has several advantages over other methods as the reaction is wet or water-soluble feedstocks compatible, that can take place in both batch and continuous flow reactor, in a single step. As compared to conventional alkane steam reforming process, APR of carbohydrate is carried at relatively mild reaction conditions which facilitate water gas shift reaction leading to low CO production due to reduced decomposition rate of carbohydrates. However, in APR, methanation of CO2 and production of alkanes/alcohols competitively lowers the H2 yield