Nanotechnology in Plant Growth Promotion and Protection. Группа авторов

Impact References No effect Positive Negative 30 Zea mays, 72 h n.a. n.a. 300–1000 mg/L Inhibition of leaf growth and transpiration via physical effects on root water transport Asli and Neumann (2009) 25 Salix schwerinii x viminalis, 72 h 1–100 mg/L n.a. n.a. No observable effect Seeger et al. (2009) 50 Vicia faba, 48 h 5, 25, 50 mg/L n.a. n.a. Oxidative stress response in root at all concentrations Foltête et al. (2011) 14, 22, 25, 36 Triticum estivum, 1 week 10 mg/L (14, 22 nm), 10–50 mg/L (36 nm) 10–100 mg/L (25 nm) 50, 100 mg/L (14, 22 nm), 100 mg/L (36 nm) n.a. Increased root elongationno effect on germination, evapotranspiration, and plant biomass Larue et al. (2012a) 14, 25 Brassica napus, Triticum estivum 1 week n.a. 100 mg/L n.a. Increased root elongationno effect on germination, evapotranspiration, and plant biomass Larue et al. (2012b) 27 Cucumis sativus, 15 days n.a. 100, 250, 500, 1000, 4000 mg/L n.a. promotion of root elongationhigher nitrogen accumulation in roots Servin et al. (2012) 27 Solanum lycopersicum, 15 days 50, 100, 1000, 2500, 5000 mg/L n.a. n.a. No effect on root elongation Song et al. (2013) 21, 50 Allium cepa 18 h 10, 100 mg/L (21 nm) n.a. 10, 100, 1000 mg/L (50 nm), 1000 mg/L (21 nm) Increase in genotoxicity with concentration Demir et al. (2014) 35 Pisum sativum, 24 hours n.a. n.a. 100, 250, 500, 750 mg/L No effect on root length, stem length, and leave surface areaDiminished secondary lateral roots, diminished nutrient transportdisrupted Rhizobium–legume symbiosis system and nitrogen fixation Fan et al. (2014) 90–98 Allium cepa, 4 h n.a. n.a. 12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/L Increased damage from reactive oxygen speciesIncrease in genotoxicity with concentration Pakrashi et al. (2014) 4 Lactuca sativa, 7 days 10–1000 mg/L n.a. n.a. Higher accumulation of Fe, P, S, and Ca in the root epidermisDecreased concentrations of Fe, P, S, and Ca in both the parenchyma and vascular cylinder Larue et al. (2016) 29, 92 Trifolium pratense, 7‐day old plants for 28 days n.a. n.a. 12.5, 25 mg/L Decrease in nodule formationDecrease in growth Moll et al. (2016) 10–30 Hydrilla verticillata, 24 h 0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/L n.a. 10 mg/L Increase in catalase and glutathione reductase activityIncrease in H₂O₂ at 10 mg/L Okupnik and Pflugmacher (2016) 25, 33, 41, 40 Oryza sativa, 35‐day old plants for 7 days n.a. 10, 1000 mg/L n.a. Reduced concentration of Pb in plantNo negative effect on plants Cai et al. (2017) 8 Hordeum vulgare, 7 days 100 mg/L n.a. 150–1000 mg/L Decrease in root length Kořenková et al. (2017) 21 Triticum aestivum, 20 days n.a. n.a. 5, 50, 150 mg/L Impaired light‐dependent and ‐independent phases of photosynthesisDecreased chlorophyll a content, maximal and effective efficiency of PSII, net photosynthetic rateDecreased transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and starch content Dias et al. (2019)

The experiments performed with plants grown in soil contaminated with nanoparticles, either in pots in laboratory, greenhouse, or in field conditions represent the realistic scenarios of exposure to nanoparticles in the environment to a greater degree. From these experiments, the right concentration of TiO₂NPs can be more objectively selected and later used to enhance plant growth in agriculture. Most of these experiments need to be performed for a longer duration than that of hydroponic growth and hence, it can help to get a better understanding of the effects of long‐term exposure of nanomaterials in plants (Table 2.3). Usually, two modes of nanoparticle application were preferred, (1) contamination of soil where plants were growing and (2) foliar application at the important stages of development of plants (Servin et al. 2013; Raliya et al. 2015b; Rezaei et al. 2015; Marchiol et al. 2016; Pošćić et al. 2016; Moll et al. 2017; Rafique et al. 2018; Giorgetti et al. 2019; Zahra et al. 2019; Bellani et al. 2020). In case of soil contamination, it was observed that the higher concentrations of TiO₂NPs in soil may have negative effects on the growth of plants