Table 2.1 Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on plants, seed treatment.
| Size (diameter in nm) | Plant species, length of exposure | Effect of concentration | Impact | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No effect | Positive | Negative | ||||
| n.a. | Spinacia oleraces, 48 h | n.a. | 250–4000 mg/L | 4000−8000 mg/L | Increased germination, germination index, seedling dry weight, vigor indexDecreased germination, germination index, seedling dry weight, vigor index | Zheng et al. (2005) |
| 5 | Spinacia oleraces, 48 h | n.a. | 300 mg/L | n.a. | Increase in plant fresh and dry weightIncrease in amount of Rubisco activase | Gao et al. (2008) |
| n.a. | Oryza sativa, 24–72 h | 100, 500, 1000 mg/L | n.a. | n.a. | Slight decrease in root length at 2‐ and 3‐day exposure | Boonyanitipong et al. (2011) |
| <50 | Cucumis sativus, 6 days | n.a. | n.a. | 100–5000 mg/L | Decrease in germination, germination index | Mushtaq (2011) |
| <100 | Vicia narbonensis, Zea mays 24 h | n.a. | n.a. | 200–4000 mg/L | Decrease in root elongationDecrease in mitotic indexIncrease in aberration index | Ruffini Castiglione et al. (2011) |
| 21 | a Triticum aestivum, 8 days | 1, 100, 500 mg/L | 2, 10 mg/L | n.a. | Mean germination time loweredIncrease in shoot length | Feizi et al. (2012) |
| 21 | a Foeniculum vulgare, 14 days | 80 mg/L | 5, 20, 40, 60 mg/L | n.a. | Mean germination time loweredGermination percentage, germination value, vigor index and mean daily germination improved | Feizi et al. (2013b) |
| 21 | a Salvia officinalis, 21 days | 5, 20, 40, 80 mg/L | 60 mg/L | n.a. | Mean germination time loweredGermination percentage improved | Feizi et al. (2013a) |
| 15, 25, 32 | Linum usitatissimum, 24 h seed germination, 48 h root biomass, 72 h root biomass, and length | n.a. | 100 mg/L (25 and 32 nm only) | 0.01−100 mg/L | Inhibition of germinationDecrease in root length and biomassIncrease in root growth and germination (25 and 32 nm only) | Clément et al. (2013) |
| 27 | Solanum lycopersicum, 48 h | 50–5000 mg/L | n.a. | n.a. | No effect on germination | Song et al. (2013) |
| 35 | Pisum sativum, 24 h | 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/L | n.a. | n.a. | No effect on the germination | Fan et al. (2014) |
| 25 | a Nicotiana tabacum, 21 days | n.a. | n.a. | 1000, 10 000 mg/L | Decrease in root lengthChanges in microRNA expression | Frazier et al. (2014) |
| 25 | a Hordeum vulgare 7 days | 500, 1000 mg/L | n.a. | 2000 mg/L | Elevated reactive oxygen species within plant | Mattiello et al. (2015) |
| 23 | a Allium cepa, Avena sativa, Brassica oleracea capitate, Cucumis sativus, Daucus carota, Glycine max, Lactuca sativa, Lolium perenne, Solanum lycopersicum, Zea mays, 24 h + variable time period | 250, 500, 1000 mg/L | 250 mg/L (B. oleracea) 500 mg/L (B. oleracea, A. cepa) 1000 mg/L (A, sativa, C. sativus, A. cepa) | 250 mg/L (C. sativus, G. max, Z. mays) 500 mg/L (A. sativa, Z. mays) 1000 mg/L (C. sativus, Z. mays) | Decreased or increased germination (4 species)Decreased or increased cotyledon presence (4 species)Decreased or increased average root length (6 species) | Andersen et al. (2016) |
| 21, 10 nm and 10 000 nm nanowire | Sinapis alba, 72 h | 10, 100, 1000 mg/L | n.a. | n.a. | No effect on germination | Landa et al. (2016) |
| <10, <100 | Vicia faba, 72 h | n.a. | 50 mg/L (<10 nm) | 50 mg/L (<100 nm) | Stimulation of germination process (<10 nm)Oxidative stress, genotoxicity (<100 nm) | Ruffini Castiglione et al. (2016) |
n.a: Not available
a Both seed treatment and prolonged exposure.
Table 2.2 Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on plants, hydroponic exposure.
| Size (diameter in nm) | Plant species, length of exposure |
|
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