Smith's Elements of Soil Mechanics. Ian Smith

D Diameter, depth factor, foundation depth, embedded length of pile D_w Depth of groundwater table D_r Relative density D₁, D₂ Cutting shoe diameters D₁₀, D₃₀, D₆₀ Effective particle sizes (10, 30, 60%) E Modulus of elasticity, efficiency of pile group

One‐dimensional modulus of elasticity E_d Eurocode 7 design value of effect of actions E_dst;d Eurocode 7 design value of effect of destabilising actions E_stb;d Eurocode 7 design value of effect of stabilising actions E_M Pressuremeter modulus E_m Eurocode 7 design value of modulus of elasticity E_r SPT energy ratio F Factor of safety F_b Factor of safety on pile base resistance F_c;d Eurocode 7 design axial compression load on a pile F_d Eurocode 7 design value of an action F_rep Eurocode 7 representative value of an action F_s Factor of safety on pile shaft resistance G; G' Shear modulus; effective shear modulus G_k; G_d Eurocode 7 (2nd G) characteristic permanent action; design permanent action G_dst;d Eurocode 7 design value of destabilising permanent vertical action (uplift) G_s Particle specific gravity G_stb;d Eurocode 7 design value of stabilising permanent vertical action (uplift)

Eurocode 7 design value of stabilising permanent vertical action (heave) G_wk Eurocode 7 (2^nd G) characteristic value of G_w G_w,rep Eurocode 7 (2^nd G) representative value of G_w G_wk;inf Eurocode 7 (2^nd G) inferior (lower) characteristic value of G_w G_wk;sup Eurocode 7 (2^nd G) superior (upper) characteristic value of G_w H Thickness, height, horizontal load I Index, moment of inertia I_D Density index I_L Liquidity index I_P Plasticity index, immediate settlement coefficient I_σ Vertical stress influence factor K Boussinesq Influence factor, ratio of σ₃/σ₁, bulk/volumetric modulus K' Effective bulk/volumetric modulus K_a Coefficient of active earth pressure K_F Eurocode 7 (2nd G) action consequence factor K_M Eurocode 7 (2nd G) material consequence factor K₀ Coefficient of earth pressure at rest K_p Coefficient of passive earth pressure

Effective plane strain bulk/volumetric modulus K_s Pile constant L Length L' Effective foundation length M Moment, slope projection of critical state line, mass, mobilisation factor M_s Mass of solids M_w Mass of water N Number, stability number, uncorrected blow count in SPT N₆₀ Number of blows from the SPT corrected to energy losses (N₁)₆₀ Number of blows from the SPT corrected to energy losses, rod length and normalised for effective vertical overburden stress N_c, N_q, N_γ Bearing capacity coefficients N_p Immediate settlement coefficient P Force P_a Thrust due to active earth pressure