36 YVA, r.g. M.52, file 245.1 (6412889), frames 86-88; originally from DALO, 3/1/278. Extraordinary Commission documents.
37 Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 55.
38 The Commission’s investigation of Hrymailiv is found in GARF, fond 7021, opis 75, delo 94, ff. 1-4, 14-34v; USHMM RG-22.002M, reel 17.
39 Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, Lfd. Nr. 698, Lübeck 2 Ks 1/67 (vol. 31 of the printed edition), 483.
40 Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 55.
41 Kovba, Liudianist’ u bezodni pekla, 213. A photocopy of the complete testimony is online: https://training.ehri-project.eu/a10-1946-philip-friedman-recalls-pogrom-lviv (accessed 15 January 2019). Kovba gives a different archival location and says the testimony was to the Extraordinary Commission. But the online testimony, which seems to be an identical text, was to the Commission for the Study of the History of the Great Patriotic War. I assume the same testimony was used for both commissions. I want to thank Alexander Melnyk for first turning my attention to this and providing me with information on the Commission for the Study of the History of the Great Patriotic War.
42 Philip Friedman, “The Destruction of the Jews of Lwów,” 246. Friedman, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations,” 183, 198 n. 24.
43 On the Vinnytsia mass murders, see Paperno, “Exhuming the Bodies of Soviet Terror.”
44 Korzen, “The Extermination of Two Ukrainian Jewish Communities,” 311 (quote). Yad Vashem Studies, which published Bingle’s testimony in 1959, apparently accepted this as good coin. Unfortunately, the publication of the testimony did not specify to which Soviet body the testimony was given.
45 The title of the collection is “Selected Records from Former Archives of the Communist Party of Ukraine, 1919-1937; 1941-1962; and 1965.” USHMM RG-31.026 Acc. 2003.260; the documents are originally from TsDAHO. I would like to thank Vadim Altskan at USHMM for directing me to this collection.
46 For example, in 2017 an aluminum milk can full of well preserved OUN-UPA documents was found in the Yaniv woods near Lviv. The can had been buried in mid-1951. “Vidkopaly arkhiv UPA.” Even more recently, in autumn 2019, OUN-UPA documents from 1945-46 were found in woods near Rohatyn in Ivano-Frankivsk oblast. Prystans’ka, “U lisakh Ivano-Frankivshchyny.”
47 The OUN periodical press is discussed below, 101-02.
48 Cited in Patryliak, Viis’kova diial’nist OUN (B), 322.
49 Translation by Marco Carynnyk. Carynnyk, “Foes of Our Rebirth,” 345 (translation), 346 (photoreproduction of the original document).
50 USHMM RG-06.029.
51 Adamczyk, Ziemie Wschodnie.
52 Cited in Wieviorka, “The Witness in History,” 386.
53 Emphases in original.
54 Gross, Neighbors, 92.
55 Browning, Collected Memories, 43.
56 Bartov, “Wartime Lies,” 487; more generally on the importance of testimony as a source for the Holocaust, see 487-90 and 506-08.
57 See above, 49.
58 Spector, Holocaust of Volhynian Jews, 1.
59 Himka, “Dostovirnist’ svidchennia.”
60 Prusin, “‘Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!’” 20.
61 Ibid., 20.
62 Golczewski, “Die Kollaboration in der Ukraine,” 156.
63 Kopstein and Wittenberg, Intimate Violence, 44. I have explored the problem of antipathy and ethnic stereotypes in survivor memory in Himka, Ukrainians, Jews and the Holocaust, and Himka, “How to Think about Difficult Things.”
64 Kraft, “Archival Memory,” 321.
65 Himka, Ukrainians, Jews and the Holocaust, 12-21.
66 This estimate is taken from Kopstein and Wittenberg, Intimate Violence, 145 n. 2.
67 See Aleksiun, “The Central Jewish Historical Commission.”
68 Relacje z czasów Zagłady.
69 Welzer, ”Opa war kein Nazi.”
70 Wieviorka, “The Witness in History,” 392.
71 For example, these two texts, in spite of the name change, are by the same person: Lejb Wieliczker, AŻIH 302/26; Wells, The Janowska Road. They provide substantially the same information. The same is true of Kurt Lewin’s memoir of 1946 and his testimony for the Shoah Foundation: Lewin, Przeżyłem; Shoah Foundation 25423 Kurt Lewin.