Acknowledgements
The editor and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material:
Part I Knowledge and Certainty
1 4 René Descartes, Meditation I and part of II, pp.12–17 from Meditations on First Philosophy [Meditationes de prima philosophia, 1641], trans. John Cottingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). © 1986 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
2 6 Gottfried Leibniz, paras 44–53 from Peter Remnant and Jonathan Bennett (ed. and trans.), New Essays on Human Understanding [Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain, c.1704; first pub.1765] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). © 1981 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
3 8 Immanuel Kant, extracts from ‘Introduction’, Sections 1 and 2 (B1–5); ‘Transcendental Logic’, Section 1 (B74–5); ‘Transcendental Analytic’, Book I, chapter 2; ‘Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories’ (B124–6) from Critique of Pure Reason [Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781; 2nd edn 1787], trans. (with minor modifications) N. Kemp Smith (2nd edn) (London: Macmillan, 1933). Reproduced with permission of Springer Nature.
4 11 G. E. Moore, ‘A Defence of Common Sense’, [1925], extracts from G. H. Muirhead (ed.), Part I. Contemporary British Philosophy, second series (London: Allen & Unwin, 1925).
5 12 Wilfrid Sellars, ‘Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind’, in The Foundations of Science and the Concepts of Psychoanalysis, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 1 (University of Minnesota Press, 1956) pp. 293–300 (VIII. Does Empirical Knowledge Have a Foundation?). © 1956 by University of Minnesota Press. Reproduced with permission of University of Minnesota Press.
Part II Being and Reality
1 2 Aristotle, chapter 5 (2a11–4b19), pp. 5–12 from Categories [Categories, c.330 BC], trans. J. L. Ackrill (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963). © 1963 by Oxford University Press. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
2 3 René Descartes, Part I, articles 51, 52, 54, 63; Part II, articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 21, 22, 23, 36, 64 from Principles of Philosophy [Principia Philosophiae, 1644], pp. 210–11, 215, 223–5, 232, 240, 247 from The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I, trans. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). © 1985 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
3 5 Gottfried Leibniz, New System of Nature and the Communication of Substances [Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances, 1695], pp. 115–25 (with omissions) from Philosophical Writings, trans. G. H. R. Parkinson and M. Morris (London: J.M. Dent, 1973). Reproduced with permission of Everyman’s Library, an imprint of Alfred A. Knopf.
4 9a Alfred North Whitehead, Ch. 9 extracts (with minor modifications) from Science and The Modern World (New York: Macmillan, 1925). © 1925 by The Macmillan Company, renewed 1953 by Evelyn Whitehead. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 9b Alfred North Whitehead, excerpts from Part II, Ch. 10, sections I–V from Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology (New York: Macmillan, 1929). © 1929 by The Macmillan Company. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.
6 10 Martin Heidegger, §§ 1, 2, 3, 4, 15, 26, 29, pp. 21, 25, 31, 32–5, 95–8, 160–1, 172–4 from Being and Time [Sein und Zeit, 1927], trans. J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson (New York: Harper and Row, 1962). Translation © 1962 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Publishers and SCM Press Ltd.
7 11 Rudolf Carnap, ‘The Elimination of Metaphysics through Logical Analysis of Language’ [Uberwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache, 1932] pp. 60–80 (abridged) from A. J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism (New York: Free Press, 1959). First published in Erkenntnis, vol. II, trans. Arthur Pap. © 1959 by The Free Press. Reproduced with permission of The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. All rights reserved.
8 12 W. V. O. Quine, ‘On What There Is’, pp. 21–38 (abridged) from The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 2 (1948). © 1948. Reproduced with permission of The Review of Metaphysics.
Part III Language and Meaning
1 4 René Descartes, extract from Part V of ‘Discourse on the Method’ [Discours de la méthode, 1637], from pp. 139–40 of The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I trans. John Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). © 1985 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
2 8 Gottlob Frege, ‘Sense and Reference’, from the article ‘Sense and Reference’ [Sinnund Bedeutung, 1892], pp. 56–62 from the English version in Peter Geach and Max Black (ed.), Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege (Oxford: Blackwell, 1952). © 1952 John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
3 9 Bertrand Russell, extracts from Ch.16 from Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy [London: Allen & Unwin, 1919]. Reproduced with permission of Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation.
4 10 Ludwig Wittgenstein, pp. 1–6, 77–79 from The Blue and Brown Books (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958). © 1958 by Basil Blackwell, renewed 1986 by Basil Blackwell Limited. Reproduced with permission of HarperCollins Publishers.
5 11 J. L. Austin, ‘Performative Utterances’, reprinted in J. L. Austin, Philosophical Papers, ed. J. O. Urmson and G. J. Warnock (3rd edn, Oxford: Clarendon, 1979), pp. 233–52.
6 12 Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity [1972] (rev. 2nd edn, Oxford: Blackwell, 1980). © 1980 John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
Part IV Mind and Body
1 2 Aristotle, extracts from Book I, chapters 1 and 4; Book II, chapters 1–3, De Anima [c. 325 BC], pp. 1–16 from D. W. Hamlyn (ed. and trans.), Aristotle’s De Anima, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968). © 1968 by Oxford University Press. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
2 4 René Descartes, pp. 17–19 and 51–9 (with omissions) from Meditations on First Philosophy [Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, 1641], trans. John Cottingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, rev. edn 1996). © 1986 by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
3 9 Franz Brentano, extracts from Book II, chapter 1 from Linda L. McAlister (ed. and trans.), Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint [Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, 1874] (London: Routledge, 1974). © 1974 by Taylor & Francis Books UK. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Group.
4 10 Gilbert Ryle, extracts from chapters 1 and 7 from The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson, 1949). © 1949. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Books UK and the Principal, Fellows and Scholars of Hertford College, University of Oxford.
5 11 Hilary Putnam, ‘Psychological Predicates’, in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill (ed.), Art, Mind, and Religion (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967). © 1967. Reproduced with permission of the University of Pittsburgh Press.
Part V The Self and Freedom
1 5 Derek Parfit, extracts from sections 95 and 96, pp. 279–87 in Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984; reprinted 1987). © 1984 by Derek Parfit. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
2 6 Charles Taylor, Sources of The Self: